Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T11:20:12.196Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Great Men,” Law, and the Social Construction of Technology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Is Alexander Graham Bell's fame owed to law and lawyers? Two recent histories argue that some popular tales of invention originated with lawyers and judges as part of patent litigation battles (Stathis Arapostathis and Graeme Gooday, Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain [2013]; Christopher Beauchamp, Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America [2015]). Bringing law into the historical project of understanding the social construction of technology, the authors unsettle “great man” narratives of invention. A tale of a recent patent war is a case study in the persistence of such narratives, highlighting the uses of legal storytelling (Ronald K. Fierstein, A Triumph of Genius: Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War [2015]). Together, these works invite consideration of the cultural power possessed by invention origin stories, the role of narratives in law and history, and the judicial performance of truth finding in Anglo-American law.

Type
Review Essay
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, David S., and Yoon, Albert H. 2007. The Luck of the Draw: Using Random Case Assignment to Investigate Attorney Ability. University of Chicago Law Review 74:1145–77.Google Scholar
Aer, Anneli. 1995. Patents in Imperial Russia: A History of the Russian Institution of Invention Privileges Under the Old Regime. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.Google Scholar
Arapostathis, Stathis, and Gooday, Graeme. 2013. Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, Christopher. 2010. Who Invented the Telephone? Lawyers, Patents, and the Judgments of History. Technology and Culture 51:854–78.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, Christopher. 2015. Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent that Changed America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Biagioli, Mario. 2006. Patent Republic: Representing Inventions, Constructing Rights and Authors. Social Research 73:1129–72.Google Scholar
Bijker, Wiebe E., Hughes, Thomas P., Pinch, Trevor J., and Douglas, Deborah G., eds. [1987] 2012. The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bottomley, Sean. 2014. The British Patent System During the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1852: From Privilege to Property. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bowker, Geof. [1992] 1994. What's in a Patent? In Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker and Law, John, 5374. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bracha, Oren. 2016. Owning Ideas: The Intellectual Origins of American Intellectual Property, 1790–1909. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Peter, and Gewirtz, Paul, eds. 1996. Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bugbee, Bruce W. 1967. Genesis of American Patent and Copyright Law. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press.Google Scholar
Burk, Dan. 2006. Feminism and Dualism in Intellectual Property. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and Law 15:183206.Google Scholar
Business History Review. 2013. Markets for Innovation. Business History Review 87:1149.Google Scholar
Cambrosio, Alberto, Keating, Peter, and MacKenzie, Michael. 1990. Scientific Practice in the Courtroom: The Construction of Sociotechnical Identities in a Biotechnology Patent Dispute. Social Problems 37:275–93.Google Scholar
Carlson, W. Bernard. 1991. Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thompson and the Rise of General Electric, 1870–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, W. Bernard. 1997. Innovation and the Modern Corporation: From Heroic Inventor to Industrial Science. In Science in the Twentieth Century, ed. Krige, John and Pestre, Dominique, 203–26. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.Google Scholar
Cooper, Carolyn C. 1991a. Shaping Invention: Thomas Blanchard's Machinery and Patent Management in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Carolyn C. 1991b. Making Inventions Patent. Technology and Culture 32:837–45.Google Scholar
Cooper, Carolyn C. 2003. Myth, Rumor, and History: The Yankee Whittling Boy as Hero and Villain. Technology and Culture 44:8296.Google Scholar
Cotropia, Christopher A. 2009. The Individual Inventor Motif in the Age of the Patent Troll. Yale Journal of Law and Technology 12:5284.Google Scholar
Díaz, Gerardo Con. 2015. Embodied Software: Patents and the History of Software Development, 1945–1970. Annals of the History of Computing 37:214.Google Scholar
Dutton, Hugh. 1984. The Patent System and Inventive Activity During the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1852. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Ernst, Daniel R. 1995. Lawyers Against Labor: From Individual Rights to Corporate Liberalism. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S. 1995. Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales: Toward a Sociology of Narrative. Law & Society Review 29:197226.Google Scholar
Federico, P. J. 1929. Origin and Early History of Patents. Journal of the Patent Office Society 11:292305.Google Scholar
Federico, P. J. ed. 1936. Outline of the History of the United States Patent Office. Washington, DC: Patent Office Society.Google Scholar
Fierstein, Ronald K. 2015. A Triumph of Genius: Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.Google Scholar
Fisher, Jeffrey L. 2013. A Clinic's Place in the Supreme Court Bar. Stanford Law Review 65:137201.Google Scholar
Fisk, Catherine L. 1998. Removing the “Fuel of Interest” from the “Fire of Genius”: Law and the Employee-Inventor, 1830–1930. University of Chicago Law Review 65:1127–98.Google Scholar
Fouché, Rayvon. 2003. Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, and Shelby J. Davidson. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Friedel, Robert D., Israel, Paul, and Finn, Bernard S. 1986. Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Frumkin, Max. 1945. The Origin of Patents. Journal of the Patent Office Society 27:143–49.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1974. Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change. Law & Society Review 9:95160.Google Scholar
Gewirtz, Paul. 1996. Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law. In Law's Stories, 213.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Shubha. 2014. Identity, Invention and the Culture of Personalized Medicine Patenting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane. 1991. Invention and the State in 18th-Century France. Technology and Culture 32:911–31.Google Scholar
Hintz, Eric S. 2006. “Heroes of the Laboratory and the Workshop”: Invention and Technology in Books for Children, 1850–1900. In Enterprising Youth: Social Values and Acculturation in Nineteenth-Century American Children's Literature, ed. Monika, Elbert, 197211. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hintz, Eric S. 2016. Review of Triumph of Genius. Business History Review 90:131–33.Google Scholar
Hintz, Eric S. 2017. The “Monopoly” Hearings, its Critics, and the Limits of Patent Reform in the New Deal. In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, ed. John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kim, 6179. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hounshell, David A. 1996. The Evolution of Industrial Research in the United States. In Engines of Innovation: U.S. Industrial Research at the End of an Era, ed. Rosenbloom, Richard S. and Spencer, William J., 1385. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Howe, Henry. 1840. Memoirs of the Most Eminent American Mechanics. New York: W. F. Peckham.Google Scholar
Hughes, Thomas P. 1983. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, Thomas P. 1989. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Hunter, Louis C. [1943] 1973. The Heroic Theory of Invention. In Technology and Social Change in America, ed. Layton, Edwin T. Jr., 2546. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Isaacson, Walter. 2011. Steve Jobs. London: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Israel, Paul. 1998. Edison: A Life of Invention. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Jackson, Myles W. 2015. The Genealogy of a Gene: Patents, HIV/AIDS, and Race. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Janis, Mark D. 2002. Patent Abolitionism. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 17:899952.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Reese V. 1987. Images and Enterprise: Technology and the American Photographic Industry, 1839–1925. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, B. Zorina. 2000. “Not for Ornament”: Patenting Activity by Nineteenth-Century Women Inventors. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31:159–95.Google Scholar
Khan, B. Zorina. 2003. Innovations in Law and Technology, 1790–1920. In The Cambridge History of Law in America, Vol. II, The Long Nineteenth Century (1789–1920), ed. Grossberg, Michael and Tomlins, Christopher, 483530. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, Jonathan. 2017. Revisiting Racial Patents in an Era of Precision Medicine. Case Western Reserve Law Review 67:1153–69.Google Scholar
Lakwete, Angela. 2003. Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., and Sokoloff, Kenneth L. [2007] 2009. Introduction: The Organization and Finance of Innovation in American History. In Financing Innovation in the United States, 1870 to the Present, ed. Lamoreaux, Naomi R. and Sokoloff, Kenneth L., 137. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lemley, Mark. 2012. The Myth of a Sole Inventor. Michigan Law Review 110:709–60.Google Scholar
Lerman, Nina E. 2010. Categories of Difference, Categories of Power: Bringing Gender and Race to the History of Technology. Technology and Culture 51:893918.Google Scholar
Lerman, Nina E., Mohun, Arwen P., and Oldenziel, Ruth. 1997. The Shoulders We Stand on and the View from Here: Historiography and Directions for Research. Technology and Culture 38:930.Google Scholar
Levinson, Sanford. 1996. The Rhetoric of the Judicial Opinion. In Law's Stories, 187205.Google Scholar
Lipartito, Kenneth. 1990. What Have Lawyers Done for American Business? The Case of Baker & Botts of Houston. Business History Review 64:489526.Google Scholar
Lubar, Steven. 1991. The Transformation of Antebellum Patent Law. Technology and Culture 32:932–59.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Christine. 1988. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Macleod, Christine. 1991. The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America. Technology and Culture 32:885910.Google Scholar
Macleod, Christine. 2007. Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity, 1750–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Majewski, John. 2004. Review of Inventing the Cotton Gin. Business History Review 78:520–22.Google Scholar
McElheny, Victor K. 1998. Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of Edwin Land, Inventor of Instant Photography. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Mees, C. E. Kenneth. 1920. The Organization of Industrial Scientific Research. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Mercelis, Joris. 2012. Leo Baekeland's Transatlantic Struggle for Bakelite: Patenting Inside and Outside of America. Technology and Culture 53:366400.Google Scholar
Merges, Robert P. 2000. One Hundred Years of Solicitude: Intellectual Property Law, 1900–2000. California Law Review 88:21872240.Google Scholar
Merritt, Deborah J. 1991. Hypatia in the Patent Office: Women Inventors and the Law, 1865–1900. American Journal of Legal History 35:235306.Google Scholar
Meyer, Phillip N. 2014. Storytelling for Lawyers. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michigan Law Review. 1989. Legal Storytelling. Michigan Law Review 87:20732494.Google Scholar
Miller, David P. 2006. Watt in Court: Specifying Steam Engines and Classifying Engineers in the Patent Trials of the 1790s. History of Technology 27:4376.Google Scholar
Moser, Petra. 2013. Patents and Innovation: Evidence from Economic History. Journal of Economic Perspectives 27(1):2344.Google Scholar
Mossoff, Adam. 2001. Rethinking the Development of Patents: An Intellectual History, 1550–1800. Hastings Law Journal 52:12551322.Google Scholar
Myers, Greg. 1995. From Discovery to Invention: The Writing and Rewriting of Two Patents. Social Studies of Science 25:57105.Google Scholar
Noble, David F. 1977. America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Novick, Peter. 1988. That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oldenziel, Ruth. 1999. Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America, 1870–1945. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Olshaker, Mark. 1978. The Instant Image: Edwin Land and the Polaroid Experience. New York: Stein & Day.Google Scholar
Patent Office Employee Bulletin. 1970. Notice of Retirement. Patent Office Employee Bulletin No. 175. Copy in Mr. and Mrs. P. J. Federico Collection, 1789–1841, Box 1, Archives of the National Museum of American History, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pilato, Denise E. 2000. The Retrieval of a Legacy: Nineteenth-Century American Women Inventors. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Pinch, Trevor J. 1996. The Social Construction of Technology: A Review. In Technological Change: Methods and Themes in the History of Technology, ed. Fox, Robert, 1735. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.Google Scholar
Pinch, Trevor J., and Bijker, Wiebe E. 1984. The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts; Or, How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other. Social Studies of Science 14:399441.Google Scholar
Pottage, Alain, and Sherman, Brad. 2010. Figures of Invention: A History of Modern Patent Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prager, Frank D. 1944. A History of Intellectual Property from 1545 to 1787. Journal of the Patent Office Society 26:711–60.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Nicolas. 2014. Gene Jockeys: Life Science and the Rise of Biotech Enterprise. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Reich, Leonard S. 1985. The Making of American Industrial Research: Science and Business at GE and Bell, 1876–1926. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F. 1995. Divorce Lawyers and Their Clients: Power and Meaning in the Legal Process. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schiff, Eric. 1971. Industrialization Without National Patents: The Netherlands, 1869–1912; Switzerland, 1850–1907. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schmookler, Jacob. 1966. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sherman, Brad, and Bentley, Lionel. 1990. The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law: The British Experience, 1760–1911. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shulman, Seth. 2008. The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Silbey, Jessica. 2008. The Mythical Beginnings of Intellectual Property. George Mason Law Review 15:319–79.Google Scholar
Silbey, Jessica. 2010. Comparative Tales of Origins and Access: Intellectual Property and the Rhetoric of Social Change. Case Western Reserve Law Review 61:195267.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Bruce, ed. 2004. Technology and the African-American Experience: Needs and Opportunities for Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sluby, Patricia C. 2004. The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Sluby, Patricia C. 2011. The Entrepreneurial Spirit of African American Inventors. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Smiles, Samuel. 1862–1868. Lives of the Engineers. London: J. Murray.Google Scholar
Staudenmaier, John. 2010. In This Issue. Technology and Culture 51(4): unpaginated.Google Scholar
Swanson, Kara W. 2007. Biotech in Court: A Legal Lesson on the Unity of Science. Social Studies of Science 37:357–84.Google Scholar
Swanson, Kara W. 2011. Getting a Grip on the Corset: Gender, Sexuality, and Patent Law. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 23:57115.Google Scholar
Swanson, Kara W. 2015. Intellectual Property and Gender: Reflections on Accomplishments and Methodology. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 24:175–98.Google Scholar
Technology and Culture. 1991. Patents and Invention. Technology and Culture 32:8371168.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1984. Retrieving European Lives. In Reliving the Past: The Worlds of Social History, ed. Zunz, Olivier, 1152. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Usselman, Steven W. 1991. Patents Purloined: Railroads, Inventors, and the Diffusion of Innovation in 19th-Century America. Technology and Culture 32:1047–75.Google Scholar
Vaughn, Floyd L. 1972. The United States Patent System: Legal and Economic Conflicts in American Patent History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Walterscheid, Edward C. 1998. To Promote the Progress of Useful Arts: American Patent Law and Administration, 1787–1836. Littleton, CA: Fred B. Rothman & Co.Google Scholar
Walterscheid, Edward C. 2002. The Nature of the Intellectual Property Clause: A Study in Historical Perspective. Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein & Son.Google Scholar
Wilf, Steven. 2013. Intellectual Property. In A Companion to American Legal History, ed. Hadden, Sally E. and Brophy, Alfred L., 441–59. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar