El presente artículo examina el fenómeno del homicidio en Colombia y busca comprender las condiciones de vulnerabilidad que afectan al homicidio en las ciudades colombianas. A través de un enfoque teórico y metodológico basado en la vulnerabilidad se analizó dicha relación entre la violencia homicida con los mercados ilegales, los mercados laborales pauperizados y la repartición de la riqueza. La muestra se compuso de las treinta y dos ciudades capitales departamentales de Colombia. Se usaron herramientas estadísticas multivariadas (PLS-SEM) para analizar la relación entre estos factores y el homicidio. Los hallazgos sugieren que los bajos ingresos, la falta de empleo, la desigualdad y la violencia están asociados con un mayor riesgo de homicidio.

This article compares and evaluates performance of two main current socialist economic-social models. One is Cuba’s central plan characterized by state large enterprises predominant over the market and private property, with mild market-oriented structural reforms that are ineffective in generating sustainable socioeconomic development. The other model is the successful Sino-Vietnamese “socialist market,” typified by small, medium, and some large private enterprises and the market, all predominant under a decentralized plan (a guideline rather than a central plan). In this the state regulates the economy and controls the largest enterprises. The article identifies the characteristics of the three countries, addresses potential barriers to comparison, and summarizes a history of the reforms and their five key economic policies in the three countries. It also assesses performance based on a selection of the twenty most relevant and comparable indicators, elaborates a composite average to rank the three countries, and discusses potential methodological issues. The conclusions summarize the results of the comparison, recommend reforms for Cuba based on successful Sino-Vietnamese policies, and outline the research agenda for the future. The article is an important contribution to the fields of comparative economics systems, socioeconomic development, methodology, and Latin American studies.

This essay reviews the following works:

The Anti-Black City: Police Terror and Black Urban Life in Brazil. By Jaime Amparo Alves. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2018. Pp. 324. $27.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781517901561.

Prisons and Crime in Latin America. By Marcelo Bergman and Gustavo Fondevila. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xvi + 261. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108738194.

The Limits of Community Policing: Civilian Power and Police Accountability in Black and Brown Los Angeles. By Luis Daniel Gascón and Aaron Roussell. New York: New York University Press, 2019. Pp. xiv + 285. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781479842254.

Authoritarian Police in Democracy: Contested Security in Latin America. By Yanilda María González. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xii + 355. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108820745.

Zonas Peligrosas: The Challenge of Creating Safe Neighborhoods in Central America. By Tom Hare. New York: Fordham University Press, 2018. Pp. xiv + 85. $9.99 paperback. ISBN: 9780823280919.

Self-Defense in Mexico: Indigenous Community Policing the New Dirty Wars. By Luis Hernández Navarro. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 263. $29.85 paperback. ISBN: 9781469654539.

A república das milícias: Dos esquadrões da morte à era Bolsonaro. By Bruno Paes Manso. São Paulo: Todavia, 2020. Pp. 304. $30.30 paperback. ISBN 9786556920610.

This article explores contemporary discourses of deviation in early twentieth-century Colombia. Through analysis of a presidential assassination attempt in 1906, known as the Crime of Barrocolorado, it discusses the social construction of notions of criminality and danger in the light of the history of emotions. The assault on the president triggered a series of commentaries and reactions that revolved around anarchism, medicine, and criminology, topics that are dissected and connected here in search of their emotional components. In this way, the study brings forth the importance of emotions in the construction of social and political ideas in the past.

Mikhuspa ukyaspa ima tinkuyku is Quechua for “eating and drinking, we encounter one another.” Food and drinks have historically been important mediators in the development and renewal of relationships of reciprocity in the Andean region. This article demonstrates how contemporary Andean people continue to use food and drinks to mediate encounters where knowledge transmission and community building take place. In particular, the article explains how members of a dance troupe in Cusco, Peru, use food and drinks to integrate its new members into the dance troupe, teach them the traditions of the group, and explore and (re)define their relationships of reciprocity. By sharing food and drinks, dancers connect their Quechua heritage with their lived experiences to explore and (re)shape their own identities. The article employs a research methodology that centers local epistemology, particularly the Quechua concept of tinkuy, defined as an encounter of different elements that creates something new.

Studies of the “people’s spring,” the period of unprecedented social mobilization in Argentina in the early 1970s, frequently omit rural women even though they were among the sectors that rallied for social justice. In most of Latin America at the time, rural women were prevented from equal participation in social movements; in contrast, rural women in northeastern Argentina actively participated in the Movimiento Agrario Misionero (MAM). This article uses letters and newspaper articles in Amanecer agrario to answer two questions: First, what did womanhood mean for rural women in northeastern Argentina during the early 1970s? Second, what did the “people’s spring” mean for these same women? Although the movement split, with women from small farms generally wanting MAM to expand its efforts to broader societal problems and women from medium farms generally wanting MAM to stay focused on the concerns of Misiones farmers, throughout it all, rural women communicated their hopes, desires, and concerns for themselves, their families, and their communities.

This essay reviews the following works:

Revolutionaries for the Right: Anticommunist Internationalism and Paramilitary Warfare in the Cold War. By Kyle Burke. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 351. $35.95 paperback, $19.99 eBook. ISBN: 9781469666204.

Moral Majorities across the Americas: Brazil, the United States, and the Creation of the Religious Right. By Benjamin A. Cowan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. Pp. x + 294. $29.95 paperback, $95.00 hardcover, $24.99 eBook. ISBN: 9781469552077.

Who Killed Berta Cáceres? Dams, Death Squads, and an Indigenous Defender’s Battle for the Planet. By Nina Lakhani. London: Verso, 2020. Pp. 328. $26.95 hardcover with free eBook. ISBN: 9781788733069.

The Condor Trials: Transnational Repression and Human Rights in South America. By Francesca Lessa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022. Pp. xvi + 375. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780300254099.

La derecha mexicana en el siglo XX: Agonía, transformación y supervivencia. By Xóchitl Patricia Campos López and Diego Martín Velázquez Caballero. Puebla: Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Montiel y Soriano Editores, 2017. Pp. 254 paperback. ISBN: 9786077512776.

How Political Parties Mobilize Religion: Lessons from Mexico and Turkey. By Luis Felipe Mantilla. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2021. Pp. viii + 265. $34.95 paperback, $110.50 hardcover, $34.95 e-book. ISBN: 9781439920169.

There Are No Dead Here: A Story of Murder and Denial in Colombia. By Maria McFarland Sánchez-Moreno. New York: Hachette Book Group, 2018. Pp. 327. $28.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781568585796.

Organized Violence: Capitalist Warfare in Latin America. By Dawn Paley and Simon Granovsky-Larsen. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Regina Press, 2019. Pp. x + 284. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780889776104.

This article examines three novels that use fiction to revise the figure of the Argentine author Leopoldo Lugones: Ricardo Piglia’s Respiración artificial (1980), C. E. Feiling’s Un poeta nacional (1993), and César Aira’s Lugones (2020). These three novels present different portrayals of Lugones, which also mirror their opposing views of the Argentine literary tradition. Piglia, Feiling, and Aira look back at the so-called national poet when self-fashioning themselves as writers and outlining a literary project in a (post)dictatorial scenario. In a cultural field marked by the effects of state terror and neoliberal reform policies, these fictional renderings of Lugones become a means of reflecting on the political past and the future of literature. Ultimately, I argue that Respiración artificial, Un poeta nacional, and Lugones devise a figure of the Argentine author decoupled from the mission of consolidating a national identity that Lugones epitomized for nearly half a century.

This essay reviews the following works:

Hija de la laguna. Dir. Ernesto Cabellos Damián. Prod. Stefan Kaspar. Perú, 2015, 88 min. Film is available on Vimeo.

Sertão velho cerrado. Dir. André D’Elia. Prod. André D’Elia and Júlia Saleh. Brazil, 2018, 96 min. Film is available on YouTube.

Viaje a los pueblos fumigados. Dir. Fernando Solanas. Prod. Victoria Solanas. Argentina, 2018, 97 min. Film is available on YouTube.

Gran Chaco. Dir. Lucas van Esso. Prod. Miguel van Esso. Argentina, 2014, 67 min. Film is available on YouTube.

This article examines the adaptive market hypothesis in the five most important Latin American stock indices. To that end, we apply three versions of the variance ratio test, as well as the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman test for nonlinear predictability. Additionally, we perform the Dominguez-Lobato and generalized spectral tests to evaluate the Martingale difference hypothesis. Moreover, we consider salient news related to the plausible market inefficiencies detected by these four tests. Finally, we apply a GARCH-M model to assess the risk-return relationship through time. Our results suggest that the predictability of stock returns varies over time. Furthermore, the efficiency in each market behaves differently over time. All in all, the analyzed emerging market indices satisfy the adaptive market hypothesis, given the switching behavior between periods of efficiencies and inefficiencies, since the adaptive market hypothesis suggests that market efficiency and market anomalies might coexist in capital markets.

This essay reviews the following works:

Cuban International Relations at 60: Reflections on Global Connections. Edited by Mervyn J. Bain and Chris Walker. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2021. Pp. vi + 299. $110.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781793630186.

Itineraries or Expertise: Science Technology and the Environment in Latin America’s Long Cold War. Edited by Andra B. Chastain and Timothy W. Lorek. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press, 2020. Pp. xii + 347. $40.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780822945963.

The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War: A Short History with Documents. By Michelle Getchell. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2018. Pp. vii + 190. $18.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781624667411.

Diplomacy Meets Migration: US Relations with Cuba during the Cold War. By Hideaki Kami. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi + 360. $51.99 cloth. ISBN: 9781108423427.

A la sombra de la superpotencia: Tres presidentes mexicanos en la Guerra Fría, 1945–1958. By Soledad Loaeza. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2022. Pp. 470. Mex$360. ISBN: 9786075641669.

Ethnographies of US Empire. Edited by Carole McGranahan and John F. Collins. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 548. $32.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478000235.

Revolution in the Terra do Sol: The Cold War in Brazil. By Sarah Sarzynski. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 334. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781503603691.

Freedom on the Offensive: Human Rights, Democracy Promotion, and US Interventionism in the Late Cold War. By William Michael Schmidli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2022. Pp. xii + 312. $46.95 cloth. ISBN: 9781501765148.

In Their Own Best Interest: A History of the US Effort to Improve Latin Americans. By Lars Schoultz. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. 392. $35.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780674984141.

The Dictator Dilemma: The United States and Paraguay in the Cold War. By Kirk Tyvela. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. Pp. x + 261. $45.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780822965732.

Este ensayo discute el arte de Brus Rubio, artista amazónico huitoto-murui, quien en sus trabajos informa cómo su cultura entiende su historia, incluidos sus momentos de explotación, tradiciones, creencias y presente. Para ilustrar las diferencias entre sus obras y el discurso de la Amazonía más común en el pasado, incluyo, también, una discusión sobre la manera en que se caracterizaba a las poblaciones indígenas en la zona a principios del siglo XX —en torno, principalmente, al debate de los crímenes del Putumayo. En Rubio se evidencia un choque entre “historias oficiales” —saberes verticales que explican una realidad sin ser parte de ella ni aceptarla como interlocutora válida— y la de la comunidad —reflejado en estas obras como un saber horizontal, en que se incluye las voces que suelen no ser escuchadas. Así, la obra de Rubio presenta un nuevo modelo para entender la historia y el presente de la Amazonía.

Este artigo busca compreender o legado autoritário brasileiro e sua relação com os recentes episódios de censura às artes. Para tal, o estudo realiza um levantamento das produções culturais censuradas e/ou alvo de ataques de grupos conservadores no período entre junho de 2017 e março de 2020. Foram consideradas as produções que se enquadraram em três critérios: foram alvo de ação conservadora de julgamento ou criminalização da arte; tiveram repercussão nacional na mídia mainstream; envolveram reação e/ou mobilização em defesa das manifestações artísticas. Argumentamos que o atual cenário de ruptura democrática aflorou o passado autoritário do país, o que contribuiu por desencadear diversos episódios de censura. Partimos dos conceitos de autoritarismo, censura e liberdade de expressão aliados à análise de conteúdo para empreender tal reflexão.

This essay reviews the following works:

Brimos: Imigração sírio-libanesa no Brasil e seu caminho até a política. By Diogo Bercito. São Paulo: Fósforo, 2019. Pp. 269. BRL$74.90 paperback. ISBN: 9786589733102.

The Muslims of Latin America and the Caribbean. By Ken Chitwood. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2021. Pp. x + 285. $95.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781626379480.

Peronism as a Big Tent: The Political Inclusion of Arab Immigrants in Argentina. By Raanan Rein and Ariel Noyjovich. Montréal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2022. Pp. xvi + 230. CAD $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780228008828.

Latin American Relations with the Middle East: Foreign Policy in Times of Crisis. Edited by Marta Tawil Kuri and Élodie Brun. New York: Routledge, 2022. Pp. xvii + 283. $160.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781032206790.

Manifold Destiny: Arabs at an American Crossroads of Exceptional Rule. By John Tofik Karam. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2020. Pp. xv + 315. $39.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826501325.

Brasil e Oriente Médio: O poder da sociedade civil. Edited by Álvaro Vasconcelos, Arlene Clemesha, and Feliciano de Sá Guimarães. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2021. Pp. 189. Open access e-book. ISBN: 9788569229032. https://doi.org/10.11606/9788569229032.

This article explores the workings of social and territorial stigma among residents of an stigmatized neighborhood in Santiago de Chile in the context of nationwide conflict. By attending to the narratives of social organizers, it shows how stigma framed the narratives of the Chilean revolt of October 2019 produced by two female organizers older than fifty years without tertiary education. It argues that, for those with less educational and political resources, stigma can help think through a social conflict by translating broader political issues into everyday life experiences and can both constrain and enable different forms of engagement in the revolt. The narratives were obtained by ethnographic interviews carried out in a broader project of the unfolding of the unrest in Santiago’s peripheries between November 2019 and July 2020.

This article examines the construction of a multifaceted collective memory through the main female protagonists in Song of the Water Saints (2002) by the Dominican American author Nelly Rosario. By bridging memory studies, Latin American studies, and Afro-Latinx studies, the book examines racial and gendered constructs, intergenerational struggles, US imperialism, and Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorship to show the interconnected nature of memorial articulations for subaltern subjects. Through a literary close reading, this article dissects the lives of three generations of female characters—Graciela, her daughter Mercedes, and Graciela’s great-granddaughter Leila—and how they challenge, reinforce, and suffer racialized, political, and gendered subjectivities. By examining intersectional and historical trauma simultaneously, this study contributes to the field of memory, Afro-Latinx, and Latin American studies by showing the muddled construct of memory for Dominicans and Dominican Americans.

This article explores how Francisco de Aguirre used the Copiapó Valley encomienda to negotiate political power during the transition from conquest to colonial rule in northern Chile. Simultaneously, we analyze the circumstances of how a native society was incorporated into the Spanish Empire after a decade of fighting and resistance on the fringes of the empire. The strategic use of the fear of native rebellions to close the road from Peru to Chile gave Aguirre enough power to negotiate an important political position, which in the future would clash with the colonial authorities. Copiapó Valley’s peripheral location in the southernmost Atacama Desert constituted a political gray zone for the colonial administration. This space contributed to consolidating power for Aguirre and enabled locals some negotiation power within the possibilities afforded by the colonial system.

This essay reviews the following works:

Los últimos años de la reforma agraria mexicana, 1971–1991: Una historia política desde el noroeste. By Luis Aboites Aguilar. Mexico City: El Colegio de Mexico Press, 2022. Pp. 333. Paperback. $280.00. ISBN: 9786075643199.

Non-Policy Politics: Richer Voters, Poorer Voters, and the Diversification of Electoral Strategies. By Ernesto Calvo and Maria Victoria Murillo. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. vii + 300. Hardcover. $85.00. ISBN: 97811087497008.97.

The Volatility Curse: Exogenous Shocks and Representations in Resource-Rich Democracies. By Daniela Campello and Cesar Zucco. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. vii + 240. Paperback. $39.99. ISBN: 9781108795357.

Hybrid Regimes within Democracy: Fiscal Federalism and Subnational Rentier States. By Carlos Gervasoni. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 290. Paperback. $29.99. ISBN: 9781316510735.

Life in the Political Machine: Dominant-Party Enclaves and the Citizens They Produce. By Jonathan Hiskey and Mason Mosely. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. vii + 282. Hardcover. $82.00. ISBN: 9780197500408.

Conservative Party-Building in Latin America: Authoritarian Inheritance and Counterrevolutionary and Struggle. By James Loxton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. xii + 304. Hardcover. $74.00. ISBN: 9780197537527.

Votes for Survival: Relational Clientelism in Latin America. By Simeon Nichter. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 324. Paperback. $32.99. ISBN: 9781108449502.

Local Mexico: Democratic Transitions in an Authoritarian Context. By Patricia Olney. Boulder, CO: First Forum, Lynne Rienner Press, 2018. Pp. 351. Hardcover. $89.95. ISBN: 978-1-62637-683-0.

This article explores Mexico’s overlooked importance in the Central American armed conflict, the limits of its influence, and its connection to the late Cold War. Mexico’s policy toward Central America attempted to prevent an American and Cuban military intervention in the area and avoid a Cold War confrontation along its southern border. Mexico attempted to build detente in the region and prevent a global escalation of tension between the great powers. Meanwhile, it sought to propose a “third way” for the revolutionary actors shaped after Mexico’s political system and history. Studying Mexico’s efforts to create detente-like arrangements can shed light on the efforts of peripheral actors and their projects to influence the international system despite the actions of hegemonic powers.