Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T18:21:38.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Vessels for Ceremony: The Pictography of Codex-Style Mixteca-Puebla Vessels from Central and South Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Gilda Hernández Sánchez
Gilda Hernández Sánchez*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University, Reuvensplaats 3-4, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands (g.h.sanchez@arch.leidenuniv.nl)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An excellent illustration of the strong intertwinement of the art, image, text, and ritual characteristics of the ancient Americas is the codex-style pottery of the Mixteca-Puebla style. These ceramics, together with painted books and murals, were manifestations of an artistic style and iconography known as the Mixteca-Puebla style, which developed in central and south Mexico during the late Postclassic period (A.D. 1250–1521). Scholars have long recognized the motifs depicted on these vessels as part of the iconographic corpus of the Borgia group and Mixtec codices, and they have proposed that these vessels had ceremonial uses. A recent study of a large sample of these artifacts from the Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley, central Veracruz, the Mixtec region, the Valley of Oaxaca, and the Basin of Mexico confirms both suggestions, showing that the vessels' painted images were more than mere decoration; they conformed to a pictography that referred to essential notions of Mesoamerican rituality. It is proposed that the meaning of this pictography was related to the context in which the vessels were used. Most likely the painted signs conveyed meanings by using stylistic devices of Mesoamerican ceremonial language. Addressed here are the mechanisms of this pictography, the progress made in reading it, and insights into the vessels' use context.

Resumen

Resumen

Una excelente ilustración de la fuerte relación entre arte, imagen, texto y ritual que caracterizó a la América antigua es la cerámica tipo códice del estilo Mixteca-Puebla. Vasijas de esta cerámica, junto con libros pintados y murales, fueron manifestaciones de un estilo artístico e iconográfico hoy conocido como estilo Mixteca-Puebla. Este se desarrolló en el centro y sur de México durante el Postclásico Tardío (1250–1521 d.C.). Desde inicios del siglo XX los especialistas han reconocido que los motivos pintados en estas vasijas fueron parte del corpus iconográfico de los códices del grupo Borgia y mixtecos, y además han propuesto que éstas tenían un uso ceremonial. Un estudio reciente de una muestra grande de estos artefactos proveniente del Valle de Puebla-Tlaxcala, el centro de Veracruz, la región Mixteca, el Valle de Oaxaca, y la Cuenca de México, no sólo confirma ambas ideas, sino que también muestra que las imágenes pintadas en las vasijas eran más que simple decoración. Las imágenes conformaban una pictografía que hacía referencia a nociones esenciales de la práctica ritual mesoamericana. Aquí se propone que los significados de los signos pintados estaban relacionados con el contexto en el que las vasijas eran usadas. Muy probablemente los signos pintados transmitían información usando técnicas estilísticas del lenguaje ceremonial de Mesoamérica, como difrasismos, paralelismos y repeticiones. Aquí se analizarán los mecanismos de esta pictografía, los avances en su lectura y las ideas que se tienen sobre el contexto de uso de las vasijas.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 21 , Issue 3 , September 2010 , pp. 252 - 273
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anders, Ferdinand, and Jansen, Maarten 1993 Manual del adivino. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Vaticano B. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand and Jansen, Maarten (editor) 1993 [pre-colonial] Codex Vaticanus B. With comments by Ferdinand Anders and Maarten Jansen. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Aurora Pérez 1992 Crónica Mixteca. El Rey 8 Venado, Garra de Jaguar, y la dinastía de Teozacualco-Zaachila. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Zouche-Nuttall. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Aurora Pérez 1994 El Libro de Tezcatlipoca, Señor del Tiempo. Libro Explicativo del Llamado Códice Fejérváry-Mayer. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten and Pérez, Aurora (Editors) 1992a [pre-colonial] Codex Zouche-Nuttall. With comments by Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Aurora Pérez Jiménez. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten and Pérez, Aurora 1992b [pre-colonial] Codex Vindobonensis. With comments by Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Aurora Pérez. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten and Pérez, Aurora 1994 [pre-colonial] Codex Fejérváry-Mayer. With comments by Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Aurora Pérez. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Reyes, Luis 1993 Los Templos del Cielo y de la Oscuridad. Oráculos y liturgia. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Borgia. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Reyes, Luis (editors) 1991 [sixteenth century] Codex Borbonicus. With comments by Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Luis Reyes. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Reyes, Luis 1993 [pre-colonial] Codex Borgia. With comments by Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Luis Reyes. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and van der Loo, Peter (editors) 1994 [pre-colonial] Codex Cospi. With comments by Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Peter van der Loo. Akademische Druck -u. Verlagsanstalt and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Batres, Leopoldo 1979 Exploraciones en la Calle de las Escalerillas. In Trabajos arqueológicos en el centra de la Ciudad de México, edited by Eduardo Matos, pp. 61–90. Secretaría de Educatión Pública–Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances, and Anawalt, Patricia 1992 The Codex Mendoza. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances, and Anawalt, Patricia 1997 The Essential Codex Mendoza. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berdan, Francis, and Anawalt, Patricia (editors) 1992 [sixteenth century] Codex Mendoza. With comments by Francis Berdan and Patricia Anawalt. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berger, Uta 2004 Mictlantecuhtli, the Mexican Deity of Death, and Associated Human Organs. Mexicon 26:106–110.Google Scholar
Beyer, Hermann 1969 Cien años de arqueología mexicana. Tercer tomo especial y segundo de sus obras homenaje para honrar la memoria del ilustre antropólogo Hermann Beyer. El México Antiguo 11.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth 1999 The “Coatlicues” at the Templo Mayor. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:189–206.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth 2000 Stories in Red and Black. Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth 2007 Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth (editor) 1983 [sixteenth century] The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans. Codex Magliabechi. With comments by Zelia Nuttall and Elizabeth Boone. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth, and Smith, Michael 2003a Postclassic International Styles and Symbol Sets. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael Smith and Francis Berdan, pp. 186–193. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth, and Smith, Michael 2003b Postclassic Mesoamerica. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael Smith and Francis Berdan, pp. 3–13. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bray, Tamara (editor) 2003 The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1927 Las ruinas de Tizatlán, Tlaxcala. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Históricos 1:139–172.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1960 Interpretatión del Códice Bodley 2858. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso (Editor) 1964 [sixteenth century] Codex Selden 3135(A.2). With comments by Alfonso Caso. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso, Bernal, Ignacio, and Acosta, Jorge 1967 La cerámica de Monte Albán. Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Robert 1971 Postclassic Pottery of the Central Valleys. In Arcnaeology of Northern Mesoamerica Pt. 1, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, pp. 228–257. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael, and van Stone, Mark 2005 Reading the Maya Glyphs. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Contreras, Eduardo 1994 Los murales y cerámica polícromos de la zona arqueológica de Ocotelulco, Tlaxcala. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. 7–24. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Day, Jane Stevenson 1994 Central Mexican Imagery in Greater Nicoya. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. 235–248. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1980 Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Dibble, Charles 1971 Writing in Central Mexico. In Archaeology of Northern Mexico, Pt. 1, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, pp. 322–332. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael 1996 Feasts and Commensal Politics in the Political Economy. Food, Power and Status in Prehistoric Europe. In Food and the Status Quest. An Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Poly Wiessner and Wulf Schiefenhövel, pp. 87–125. Berghahn Books, Providence, Rhode Island.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael, and Hayden, Brian (editors) 2001 Feasts. Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Durán, Diego de 1980 Ritas y fiestas de los antiguos Mexicanos. Editorial Innovatión, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ekholm, Gordon 1942 Excavations at Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 38:23–139.Google Scholar
Gallegos, Roberto 1978 El Señor 9 Flor en Zaachila. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Garibay, Ángel María 1987 Historia de la literatura nahuatl, Primera parte. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Garibay, Ángel María 1992 Vocabulario. In Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España por Bernardino de Sahagún, pp. 911–963. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 1990 The Primary Standard Sequence on Chocholá Style Ceramics. In The Maya Vase Book: A Corpus of Rollout Photographs of Maya Vases, Vol. 2, edited by Justin Kerr, pp. 320–329. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Hernández, Gilda 2004a Las vasijas polícromas “Tipo Códice” con Banda Solar del estilo Mixteca-Puebla. Mexicon 26(3):6–61.Google Scholar
Hernández, Gilda 2004b Temas rituales en la cerámica “Tipo Códice” del estilo Mixteca-Puebla. Journal de la Société des Américanistes 90(2):7–34.Google Scholar
Hernández, Gilda 2005 Vasijas para ceremonia. Iconografía de la cerámica Tipo Códice del Estilo Mixteca-Puebla. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Leiden University, Leiden.Google Scholar
Hernández, Gilda 2008 Vasijas de luz y de oscuridad. La cerámica Tipo Códice del Estilo Mixteca-Puebla. Itinerarios Revista de estudios lingüísticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos 8:113–127.Google Scholar
Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca 1989 Comments by Paul Kirchhoff, Lina Odena, and Luis Reyes. Centre de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, Stuart, David, and Taube, Karl 1989 Folk Classification of Classic Maya Pottery. American Anthropologist 91(3):720–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Margaret 2008 Moche Art and Visual Culture in Ancient Peru. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1992 Mixtec Pictography: Conventions and Contents. In Epigraphy, edited by Victoria Bricker, pp. 20–33. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5, Victoria Bricker, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1997 La Serpiente Emplumada y el amanecer de la historia. In Códices, Caciques y Comunidades, edited by Maarten Jansen and Luis Reyes, pp. 11–63. Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanistas, Ridderkerk, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1998a La fuerza de los cuatro vientos. Los Manuscritos 20 y 21 del Fonds Mexicain . Journal de la Société des Américanistes 84(2):125–161.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1998b Ein Blick in den Tempel von Cihuacoatl. Zur religiösen Funktion der Codices aus Zentralmexiko. In Die Bücher der Maya, Mixteken undAzteken. Die Schrift und ihre Funktion in vorspanischen und kolonialen Codices, edited by Carmen Arellano and Peer Schmidt, pp. 257–306. Vervuert Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Aurora Pérez 2000 La dinastía de Añute. Historia, literatura e ideología de un reino mixteco. CNWS, Leiden University, Leiden.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Aurora Pérez 2003 El Vocabulario del Dzaha Dzavui (Mixteco Antiguo), Hecho por los Padres de la Orden de Predicadores y Acabadopor Fray Francisco de Alvarado (1593). Edition Analitica. Electronic document, http://132.229.241.21/ALVARADO/1.pdf, accessed July 15, 2008.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Aurora Pérez 2005 Codex Bodley. A Painted Chronicle from the Mixtec Highlands, Mexico. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Klein, Cecelia 2000 The Devil and the Skirt. An Iconographic Inquiry into the Pre-Hispanic Nature of the Tzitzime. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:1–26.Google Scholar
Knowlton, Timothy 2002 Diphrastic Kennings in Mayan Hieroglyphic Literature. Mexicon 24(1):9–14.Google Scholar
Kubler, George 1967 The Iconography of the Art of Teotihuacan. Studies in Precolumbian Art and Archaeology No. 4. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Langley, James 1986 Symbolic Notation at Teotihuacan. British Archaeological Reports, International Series No. 313. Oxford.Google Scholar
Langley, James 1991 The Forms and Usage of Notation at Teotihuacan. Ancient Mesoamerica 2:285–298.Google Scholar
León Portilla, Miguel 1970 Aztec Thought and Culture. A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Google Scholar
León Portilla, Miguel 1992 Literaturas Indígenas de México. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
León Portilla, Miguel, and Silva, Librado 1991 Huehuetlatolli. Testimonios de la Antigua Palabra. Secretaría de Educación Pública and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Lind, Michael 1967 Mixtec Polychrome Pottery: A Comparison of the Late Preconquest Polychrome Pottery from Cholula, Oaxaca, and the Chinantla. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Universidad de las Américas, Cholula.Google Scholar
Lind, Michael 1987 The Sociocultural Dimensions of Mixtec Ceramics. Publications in Anthropology No. 33. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Lind, Michael 1994 Cholula and Mixteca Polychromes: Two Mixteca-Puebla Regional Sub-Styles. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. 79–99. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
López Luján, Leonardo 1993 Las ofrendas del Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan. Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
López Luján, Leonardo 2005 La Casa de las Águilas. Fondo de Cultura Económica/Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Marquina, Ignacio 1970 Pirámide de Cholula. In Proyecto Cholula, edited by Ignacio Marquina, pp. 31–45. Serie Investigaciones No. 19. Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Geoffrey 1994 The Mixteca-Puebla Stylistic Tradition at Early Post-classic Cholula. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. 53–77. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Geoffrey 2001 Ceramics of Postclassic Cholula, Mexico. Typology and Seriation of Pottery from the UA-1 Domestic Compounds. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Monograph No. 43. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Geoffrey, and Steinbrenner, Larry 2005 The Meaning of the Mixteca-Puebla Stylistic Tradition on the Southern Periphery of Mesoamerica: The View from Nicaragua. In Art for Archaeology’s Sake: Material Culture and Style Across the Disciplines. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Chacmool Conference, edited by Andrea Waters-Rist, Christine Cluny, Calla McNamee, and Larry Steinbrenner, pp. 282–292. Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Meighan, Clement 1971 Archaeology of Sinaloa. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica Pt. 2, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, pp. 754–767. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 11, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Motolinía, Toribio de Benavente 1988 Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España. Alianza Editorial, Madrid.Google Scholar
Müller, Florencia 1978 La alfarería de Cholula. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, Bishop, Ronald, Sisson, Edward, Glascock, Michael, and Sisson, Penny 1994 Neutron Activation Analysis of Late Postclassic Polychrome Pottery from Central Mexico. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. 119–141. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry 1960 The Mixteca-Puebla Concept in Mesoamerican Archaeology: A Re-Examination. In Men and Cultures: Selected Papers from the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Philadelphia, September 1–9,1956, edited by F. C. Wallace, pp. 612–617. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry 1966 The Mixteca-Puebla Concept in Mesoamerican Archaeology: A Re-Examination. In Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by John Graham, pp. 258–263. Peek Publications, Palo Alto.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry 1971 Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica Pt. 1, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, pp. 395–445. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry 1982 The Mixteca-Puebla Concept Revisited. In The Art and Iconography of Late Postclassic Central Mexico, edited by Elizabeth Boone, pp. 227–254. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry 1994 The Eagle Claw/Tied Double Ear Motif: the Cholula Polychrome Ceramic Tradition and Some Members of the Codex Borgia Group. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. 101–116. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry, and Quiñones, Eloise 1983 Art of Aztec Mexico. Treasures of Tenochtitlan. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry, and Quiñones, Eloise 1994 Introduction. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones, pp. vii–xv. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Noguera, Eduardo 1954 La cerámica arqueológica de Cholula. Editorial Guaranía, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Nowotny, Karl Anton 1961 Tlacuilloli: Die mexikanischen Bilderschriften, Stil und Inhalt, mit einem Katalog der Codex Borgia Gruppe. Monumenta Americana, Berlin.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2003 Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God. Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror.” University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Plunket, Patricia, and Uruñuela, Gabriela 2005 Recent Research in Puebla Prehistory. Journal of Archaeological Research 13:89–127.Google Scholar
Pohl, John 1998 Themes of Drunkenness, Violence and Factionalism in Tlaxcalan Altar Paintings. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 33:184–207.Google Scholar
Pohl, John 2003 Ritual and Iconographic Variability in Mixteca-Puebla Polychrome Pottery. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael Smith and Francis Berdan, pp. 201–206. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Pohl, John 2005a The Griffin Fragment: A Mixtec Drinking Vessel Portraying the Place Sign for “Hill of the Turkey.” Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 64:81–90.Google Scholar
Pohl, John 2005b A Nahua Drinking Bowl with Image of Xochiquetzal. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 64:40–45.Google Scholar
Pohl, John 2007a Sorcerers of the Fifth Heaven. Program in Latin American Studies, Princeton University, Cuadernos No. 9. Stinehour Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Pohl, John 2007b Narrative Mixtec Ceramics of Ancient Mexico. Program in Latin American Studies, Princeton University, Cuadernos No. 10. Stinehour Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Quiñones, Eloise 1994 The Codex Style: Which Codex? Which Style? In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Henry Nicholson and Eloise Quifiones, pp. 143–152. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Quiñones, Eloise (Editor) 1995 [sixteenth century] Codex Telleriano-Remensis. With comments by Eloise Quiñones. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Ramsey, James 1982 An Examination of Mixtec Iconography. In Aspects of the Mixteca-Puebla Style and Mixtec and Central Mexican Culture in Southern Mesoamerica, edited by Doris Stone, pp. 33–42. Occasional Paper No. 4. Middle American Research Institute, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Dorie 1994 Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period. Duke University Press, Durham.Google Scholar
Relaciones Geográficas del Sigh XVI 1984 Tlaxcala, Vol. I. Compiled by René Acuña. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Robertson, Donald 1963 The Style of the Borgia Group of Mexican Pre-Conquest Manuscripts. In Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of the History Latin American Art, and the Baroque Period in Europe. Studies in Western Art III, pp. 148–164. Acts of the 20th International Congress of the History of Art, New York. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Rojas, Gabriel de 1985 Relatión de Cholula. In Relaciones geográficas del sigh XVI: Tlaxcala, Vol. II, compiled by René Acuña, pp. 125–145. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ruíz de Alarcón, Hernando 1987 Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España. In El alma encantada. Analesdel Museo Nacional de México, pp. 123–223. Instituto Nacional Indigenista and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Bernardino de 1969 The Florentine Codex. General History of the Things of New Spain, Bk. 6. Edited and translated by Charles Dibble and Arthur Anderson. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Bernardino de 1992 Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Bernardino de 1997 Primeros Memoriales. Edited and translated by Thelma Sullivan. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda, and Grube, Nikolai 1994 Notebook for the XVIIIth Maya Hieroglyphic Workshop at Texas. University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1908 Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur amerikanischen Sprach- undAltertumskunde, Vol. 3. Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt, Graz.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1963 Comentarios al Códice Borgia, Vol. 1. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sharp, Rosemary 1981 Chaacs and Chiefs. Studies in Precolumbian Art and Archaeology No. 24. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary Elizabeth 1973 Picture Writing from Ancient Southern Mexico. Mixtec Place Signs and Maps. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary Elizabeth 1983 The Mixtec Writing System. In The Cloud People. Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 238–245. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael 2003 Information Networks. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael Smith and Francis Berdan, pp. 181–193. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael, and Heath-Smith, Cynthia 1980 Waves of Influence in Postclassic Mesoamerica? A Critique of the Mixteca-Puebla Concept. Anthropology 4(2): 15–50.Google Scholar
Suárez, Sergio 1989 Ultimos descubrimientos de entierros postclásicos en Cholula, Puebla. Cuaderno de Trabajo del Centro Regional de Puebla, Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Suárez, Sergio, Plunket, Patricia, and Uruñuela, Gabriela 1992 Rescate arqueológico en la Universidad de las Américas, Cholula, Puebla. Boletín del Consejo de Arqueohgía 1991:260–261.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 1993 The Bilimek Pulque Vessel. Starlore, Calendrics, and Cosmology of Late Postclassic Central Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 4:1–15.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis 1996 Popol Vuh. The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Tudela de la Orden, José (Editor) 1980 [sixteenth century] Codex Tudela. With comments by José Tudela de la Orden. Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperatión Iberoamericana, Madrid.Google Scholar
Villagra, Agustín 1971 Mural Painting in Central Mexico. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, Pt. 1, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, pp. 135–156. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar