Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T21:01:03.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Political Economy of European Wine Regulations*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

Giulia Meloni  and
Johan Swinnen
Giulia Meloni*
Affiliation:
LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven, Waaistraat 6, Leuven, Belgium.
Johan Swinnen
Affiliation:
LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven, Waaistraat 6, Leuven, Belgium.
*
Corresponding author: Giulia Meloni; e-mail: giulia.meloni@kuleuven.be.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The wine market in the European Union is heavily regulated. Despite the many distortions in the wine market as a consequence, reforming the regulations has proven difficult. This paper analyzes the political economy mechanism that created existing wine regulations. We document the historical origins of the regulations and relate these to political pressures that resulted from international integration, technological innovations, and economic developments. (JEL Classifications: K23, L51, N44, N54, Q13)

Keywords

appellationsEuropean agricultureinstitutionsregulationwine history
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Wine Economics , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , December 2013 , pp. 244 - 284
Copyright
Copyright © American Association of Wine Economists 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The paper benefited from comments from Paola Corsinovi, Koen Deconinck, Alan Olmstead, Vicente Pinilla, and Eline Poelmans and participants in the 2011 AAWE Conference in Bolzano, Italy; the 2011 International Conference on Economics, Management Sciences, and History of Wine in Zaragoza, Spain; the 2011 International Workshop on Economic History of Globalization in Leuven, Belgium; the 2012 ICABR conference in Ravello, Italy; and LICOS. We thank Jill McCluskey and Karl Storchmann for the encouragement throughout this project.

References

Anderson, K., Damania, R., and Jackson, L.A. (2004). Trade, standards, and the political economy of genetically modified food. CEPR Discussion Papers 4526, Center for Economic Policy Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, K., Rausser, G., and Swinnen, J. (2013). Political economy of public policies: Insights from distortions to agricultural and food markets. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(2), 423–477.Google Scholar
Arnaud, C. (1991). Le vin et l'organisation commune de marché entre Paris et Bruxelles: un dialogue quelquefois difficile. Économie rurale, 204(204), 3–10. Available at www.persee.fr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Augé-Laribé, M. (1950). La Politique Agricole de la France de 1880 à 1940. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Bagnol, J.M. (2007). Les députés héraultais et la viticulture dans l'entre-deux-guerres: organes de décision, relais de pouvoir, législation. Ruralia. Available at http://ruralia.revues.org/document1857.html.Google Scholar
Bartoli, P. (1986). Les primes d'arrachage et la régression du vignoble. Une analyse d'impact de la politique viticole. Économie rurale, 175, 3–19. Available at www.persee.fr.Google Scholar
Birebent, P. (2007). Hommes, vignes et vins de l'Algérie française: 1830–1962. Nice: Editions Jacques Gandini.Google Scholar
Blancaneaux, R. (2013). Le Parlement européen post-Lisbonne, une courroie de transmission pour les opposants à la Commission européenne? Le cas de l'opposition à la libéralisation des droits de plantation viticoles. Available at www.afsp.msh-paris.fr/activite/2012/je310512.html.Google Scholar
Bonal, F. (1984). Livre d'or du Champagne. Updated by Union des Maisons de Champagnes. Available at www.maisons-champagne.com/bonal/pages/00/intro/.Google Scholar
Caesar, C. Julius (1869). Caesar's Gallic War. McDevitte, W.A. and Bohn, W.S. (trans.), 1st ed. New York: Harper & Brothers. Harper's New Classical Library. Available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001.Google Scholar
Cagliero, R., and Sardone, R. (2009). La nuova OCM vino. In Pomarici, E. and Sardone, R. (eds.), L'OCM vino. La difficile transazione verso una strategia di comparto. Rome: INEA, pp. 25–48.Google Scholar
Capus, J. (1947). L'évolution de législation sur les appellations d'origine—Genèse des appellations contrôlées. Institut National des Appellations d'Origine. Available at www.inao.gouv.fr/public/home.php?pageFromIndex=textesPages/Les_fondements_de_l_appellation391.php∼mnu=391/.Google Scholar
Castle, S. (2012). When is a wine not a wine? When European regulations say it's not. New York Times, May 29. Available at www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/world/europe/when-is-a-wine-not-a-wine-when-european-regulations-say-its-not.html?_r=1/.Google Scholar
Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne (2003). L'appellation Champagne, les clés des vins de Champagne. Available at www.champagne.fr/wpFichiers/1/1/Mediatheque/11/Associes/11/Fichier/appellation.pdf.Google Scholar
Conforti, P., and Sardone, R. (2003). Assessing the effectiveness of the EU Common Market organization for wine: A research agenda. In Gatti, S., Giraud-Heraud, E. and Mili, S. (eds.), Wine in the Old World: New Risks and Opportunities. Milano: FrancoAngeli.Google Scholar
Consorzio Vino Chianti Classico (2012). Production Code of Chianti Classico denominazione di origine controllata e garantita Wine. Available at www.chianticlassico.com/en/vino/disciplinare/.Google Scholar
Couderc, F. (2005). Les vins mythiques de la Cévenne ardéchoise et du Bas-Vivarais. 2d ed. Point-Saint-Esprit Cedex: La Mirandole.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 24/1962 of 20 April 1962 on the progressive establishment of a common organisation of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 816/70 of 28 April 1970 laying down additional provisions for the common organization of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 817/70 of 28 April 1970 laying down special provisions relating to quality wines produced in specific regions. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1160/76 of 17 May 1976 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 816/70 laying down additional provisions for the common organization of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1162/76 of 17 May 1976 on measures designed to adjust wine-growing potential to market requirements. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1163/76 of 17 May 1976 on the granting of a conversion premium in the wine sector. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 337/79 of 5 February 1979 on the common organization of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 338/79 of 5 February 1979 on the common organization of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 458/80 of 18 February 1980 on collective projects for the restructuring of vineyards. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 822/87 of 16 March 1987 on the common organization of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 823/87 of 16 March 1987 laying down special provisions relating to quality wines produced in specified regions. Official Journal of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1493/1999 of 17 May 1999 on the common organisation of the market in wine. Official Journal of the European Union.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 479/2008 of 29 April 2008 on the common organisation of the market in wine, amending Regulations (EC) Nos. 1493/1999, 1782/2003, 1290/2005, and 3/2008 and repealing Regulations (EEC) Nos. 2392/86 and 1493/1999. Official Journal of the European Union. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:148:0001:0061:EN:PDF/.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 491/2009 of 25 May 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2007 establishing a common organisation of agricultural markets and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products (Single CMO Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:154:0001:0056:EN:PDF/.Google Scholar
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 607/2009 of 14 July 2009 laying down certain detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 479/2008 as regards protected designations of origin and geographical indications, traditional terms, labelling and presentation of certain wine sector products. Official Journal of the European Union. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:193:0060:0139:EN:PDF/.Google Scholar
Critz, J.M., Olmstead, A.L., and Rhode, P.W. (1999). “Horn of Plenty”: The globalization of Mediterranean horticulture and the economic development of Southern Europe, 1880–1930. Journal of Economic History, 59(2), 316–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowley, W.K. (1993). Changes in the French winescape. Geographical Review, 83(3), 252–268.Google Scholar
David, P.A. (1985). Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review, 75(2), 332–337.Google Scholar
de Gorter, H., and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2002). Political economy of agricultural policies. In Gardner, B. and Rausser, G. (eds.), The Handbook of Agricultural Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, North-Holland, 2073–2123.Google Scholar
Deconinck, K., and Swinnen, J. (2013). The economics of planting rights in wine production. AAWE Working Paper, No. 130.Google Scholar
E-Bacchus (2012). Wine register of designations of origin and geographical indications protected in the EU. European Commission, online database. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/e-bacchus/.Google Scholar
EFOW (2012). Planting rights: Commissioner Ciolos set up a high level group. European Federation of Origin Wines (EFOW), March 22. Available at www.efow.eu/press/planting-rights-commissioner-ciolos-set-up-a-high-level-grou_id_124/.Google Scholar
Estatuto del Vino (1932). Estatuto del vino: regulación de su producción y venta. Decreto del Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio de 8 de septiembre de 1932, elevado a ley por la de 26 de mayo de 1933 y disposiciones posteriores. Available at www.magrama.gob.es/es/ministerio/pags/biblioteca/fondo/40869.htm.Google Scholar
Europa (2008). Markets for Agricultural Products—Wine. Brussels. Available at http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l60031.htm.Google Scholar
European Commission (1986–2007). Agriculture and Rural Development budget: Guarantee Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) financial reports, 1986–2007. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available at http://aei.pitt.edu/view/eusubjects/eagus.html.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2003). Study on the Use of the Varieties of Interspecific Vines. Contract No. AGR 30881 of 30 December 2002. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/studies/vine_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2006a). WINE—Common Market Organisation. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/studies/rep_cmo2006_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2006b). WINE—Economy of the Sector. European Commission. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/studies/rep_econ2006_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2006c). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament—“Towards a Sustainable European Wine Sector.” COM(2006) 319 final. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/wine/com2006_319_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission (2006d). Impact Assessment—Annex to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Towards a Sustainable European Wine Sector.” Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/wine/fullimpact_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2007a). Fact Sheet—Towards a Sustainable European Wine Sector. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/fact/wine/072007_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2007b). Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Common Organization of the Market in Wine and Amending Certain Regulations. COM(2007) 372 final. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0372:FIN:EN:PDF/.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2007c). Accompanying Document to the Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Common Organisation of the Market in Wine and Amending Certain Regulations—Impact Assessment. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/wine/impact072007/full_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission (2007–2012). Agriculture and Rural Development budget: European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) financial reports, 2007-2012. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-funding/budget/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2008a). Reform of the EU Wine Market. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/wine/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2008b). The Common Agricultural Policy—A Glossary of Terms. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/glossary/glossary_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission, European (2009). Market Situation (History). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/facts/winehist_fr.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission (2009–2012). Wine CMO: Financial execution of the national support programme. Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/facts/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
European Commission (2012). Grubbing-up scheme 2008–2009–2010. In Statistics and Data. European Commission—DG AGRI. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/facts/grubbing_2008-2009-2010_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission (2013). Execution 2012. In Statistics and Data. European Commission—DG AGRI. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/facts/execution-2012_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Court of Auditors (2012). The reform of the common organisation of the market in wine: progress to date. Special Report No. 7. Available at http://eca.europa.eu/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/14824739.PDF.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2013). Eurostat Statistics Database. Luxembourg: Eurostat. Available at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/education/data/database/.Google Scholar
FAO (2012). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT. Available at http://faostat.fao.org.Google Scholar
Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (2009). IRZ Institute of Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof. Available at www.bafz.de/baz2006V4/index.php?id=319/.Google Scholar
Federdoc (2012). I vini italiani a Denominazione d'Origine 2012. Available at www.federdoc.com.Google Scholar
Fulton, M., and Giannakis, K. (2004). Inserting GM products into the food chain: The market and welfare effects of different labelling and regulatory regimes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 86(1), 42–60.Google Scholar
Gaeta, D., and Corsinovi, P. (2009). Evoluzione del processo di riforma tra mutamenti del mercato, gruppi di pressione e alleanze nazionali. In Pomarici, E. and Sardone, R. (eds.), L'OCM Vino. La difficile transazione verso una strategia di comparto. Rome: INEA, 49–69.Google Scholar
Gale, G. (2003). Saving the vine from Phylloxera: A never-ending battle. In Merton, S. and Pinder, R. (ed.), Wine: A Scientific Exploration. London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 81–84.Google Scholar
Gale, G.D. (2011). Dying on the Vine. How Phylloxera Transformed Wine. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1966). World Trade Prospects for Ordinary Wine. Trade Intelligence Paper No. 8, Geneva.Google Scholar
Gavignaud, G. (1988). Etat et propriété: le vignoble méridional (1880–1980). Économie rurale, 184(184–186), 92–99. Available at www.persee.fr.Google Scholar
Grant, W. (1997). The Common Agricultural Policy. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyams, E. (1965). Dionysus: A social history of the wine vine. Bristol: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Innova SpA (2004). Ex-post evaluation of the Common Market Organisation for wine. Final report prepared for European Commission, DG Agriculture, Tender AGRI/ EVALUATION/2002/6. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/eval/reports/wine/fullrep_en.pdf.Google Scholar
INSEE (1935). Annuaire statistique de la France. Résumé rétrospectif. Paris: Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques.Google Scholar
INSEE (1966). Annuaire statistique de la France. Résumé rétrospectif. Paris: Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques.Google Scholar
Isnard, H. (1947). Vigne et colonisation en Algérie (1880–1947). Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 2(3), 288–300. Available at www.persee.fr.Google Scholar
Isnard, H. (1966). La Viticulture Nord-Africaine. In Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord-1865, vol. 4. Paris: Editions du CNRS.Google Scholar
Itçaina, X., Roger, A., and Smith, A. (2013). Institutionalizations compared: Implementating the EU's 2008 wine reform. Comparative European Politics, 11(1), 119–142.Google Scholar
Jacquet, O. (2009). Les appellations d'origine et le débat sur la typicité dans la première moitié du XXème siècle: le rôle du syndicalisme viti-vinicole bourguignon. Territoires du vin—Pour une redéfinition des terroirs. Available at http://revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/document.php?id=125/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kortteinen, T. (1984). Wine production in the European Community since 1975. British Journal of Addiction, 79(4), 319–325.Google Scholar
Lachiver, M. (1988). Vins, vignes et vignerons. Histoire du vignoble français. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Legifrance (2011). Loi du 29 juin 1907 tendant à prévenir le mouillage des vins et les abus de sucrage. Les textes législatifs et réglementaires, Détail d'un texte. Available at www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071147&dateTexte=20110803/.Google Scholar
Loubère, L.A. (1978). The Red and the White. The History of Wine in France and Italy in the Nineteenth Century. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Loubère, L.A. (1990). The Wine Revolution in France: The Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Maher, M. (2001). On vino veritas? Clarifying the use of geographic references on American wine labels. California Law Review, 89(6), 1881–1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maillard, J. de (2002). La commission, le vin et la réforme. Politique Européenne, 1(5), 68–84.Google Scholar
Malassis, L. (1959). La politique agricole de 1946 à 1958. La recherche d'une politique agricole. In Économie rurale. N°39-40. L'économie agricole française 1938–1958. Paris: Société Française d'économie rurale, 233–251.Google Scholar
Manole, V., Ion, R.A., and Ladaru, G.R. (2008). Wine chain in Romania—A marketing approach. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 2(10), 52.Google Scholar
Martin, J.-P. (1998). Viticulture du Languedoc: une tradition syndicale en mouvement. Pôle Sud, 9(1), 71–87.Google Scholar
Meloni, G., and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2013). The political economy of quality regulations: Geographical origins, production regulations, and labelling. Unpublished mimeo.Google Scholar
Meloni, G., and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2014). The rise and fall of the world's largest wine exporter (and its institutional legacy). Journal of Wine Economics, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Milhau, J. (1953). L'avenir de la viticulture française. Revue Économique, 4(5), 700–738.Google Scholar
Moschini, G., Menapace, L., and Pick, D. (2008). Geographical indications and the competitive provision of quality in agricultural markets. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90, 794–812.Google Scholar
Munholland, K. (2006). “Mon docteur le vin”: Wine and health in France, 1900–1950. In Holt, M.P. (ed.), Alcohol: a Social and Cultural History. Oxford: Berg, 77–90.Google Scholar
Munsie, J. (2002). A brief history of the international regulation of wine production. Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Newsletter on the Common Agricultural Policy (1969). A Common Wine Policy: New Moves by the Commission. No. 7/69. European Communities—Directorate General Press and Information. Available at http://aei.pitt.edu/6530/.Google Scholar
Newsletter on the Common Agricultural Policy (1970). The background to the common organization of the market in wine. No. 2/70. European Communities—Directorate General Press and Information. Available at http://aei.pitt.edu/5482/.Google Scholar
Niederbacher, A. (1983). Wine in the European Community. Office for Official Publication of the European Communities, Periodical 2/3–1983, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2012). Producer and Consumer Support Estimates database, OECD database 1986-2011, Paris. Available at www.oecd.org/tad/agricultural-policies/E27dataPSE2012.xlsx.Google Scholar
OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine) (2007). World Vitivinicultural Statistics 2007—Structure of the World Vitivinicultural Industry 2007., Paris. Available at www.oiv.int/oiv/info/enstatistiquessecteurvitivinicole#secteur/.Google Scholar
OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine) (2012a). International Standard for Labelling Wines. Paris. Available at www.oiv.int/oiv/info/enplubicationoiv/.Google Scholar
OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine) (2012b). Statistical Report on world vitiviniculture. Paris. Available at www.oiv.int/oiv/info/enizmiroivreport/.Google Scholar
OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine) (2013). State of the Vitiviniculture World Market. Paris. Available at www.oiv.int/oiv/info/enconjoncture/.Google Scholar
Ordish, G. (1987). The Great Wine Blight. 2nd ed. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.Google Scholar
Pan-Montojo, J. (1994). La Bodega del Mundo. La Vid y el Vino en España (1800–1936). Madrid: Alianza.Google Scholar
Paul, H.W. (1996). Science, Vine and Wine in Modern France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Petit, G. (2000). Pour une histoire de la réglementation vitivinicole des Communautés européennes. Bulletin de l'OIV, May–June, 324–339.Google Scholar
Pinilla, V., and Ayuda, M.-I. (2002). The political economy of the wine trade: Spanish exports and the international market, 1890–1935. European Review of Economic History, 6, 51–85.Google Scholar
Pinilla, V., and Serrano, R. (2008). The agricultural and food trade in the first globalization: Spanish table wine exports 1871 to 1935—A case study. Journal of Wine Economics, 3(2), 132–148.Google Scholar
Pokrivcak, J., Crombez, C., and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2006). The status quo bias and reform of the common agricultural policy: Impact of voting rules, the European Commission, and external changes. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 33(4), 562–590.Google Scholar
Rausser, G., Swinnen, J.F.M., and Zusman, P. (2011). Political Power and Economic Policy: Theory, Analysis, and Empirical Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. (ed.) (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sagnes, J. (2009). Edouard Barthe, Député du vin, 1882–1949. In Gavignaud-Fontaine, G. (ed.), Vin et république, 1907–2007: colloque, Montpellier, October 18–19, 2007. Paris: Pepper-L'Harmattan, 126–132.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. (2011). Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776/1904). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Edwin Cannan (ed.), 5th ed. London: Methuen. Available at www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2008). Globalization within the European wine industry: Commercial challenges but producer domination. In Jullien, B. and Smith, A. (eds.), Industries and Globalization: The Political Causality of Difference. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Smith, A., Maillard, J. de, and Costa, O. (2007). Vin et Politique. Bordeaux, la France, la Mondialisation. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.Google Scholar
Spahni, P. (1988). The Common Wine Policy and Price Stabilization. Aldershot, UK: Avebury.Google Scholar
Stanziani, A. (2004). Wine reputation and quality controls: The origin of the AOCs in 19th century France. European Journal of Law and Economics, 18(2), 149–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinnen, J.F.M. (2008). The Perfect Storm: The Political Economy of the Fischler Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy. Brussels: CEPS.Google Scholar
Swinnen, J.F.M. (2009). The growth of agricultural protection in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. World Economy, 32(11), 1499–1537.Google Scholar
Swinnen, J.F.M. (2010). The political economy of agricultural and food policies: Recent contributions, new insights, and areas for further research. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 32(1), 33–58.Google Scholar
Swinnen, J.F.M., and Vandemoortele, T. (2008). The political economy of nutrition and health standards in food markets. Review of Agricultural Economics, 30(3), 460–468.Google Scholar
Swinnen, J.F.M., and Vandemoortele, T. (2009). Are food safety standards different from other food standards? A political economy perspective. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 36(4), 507–523.Google Scholar
Treaty of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania: Protocol, Luxembourg, April 25, 2005, Official Journal of the European Union L157. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/future_prospects/negotiations/eu10_bulgaria_romania/treaty_2005_en.htm.Google Scholar
Tyman, R. (1879). Le Phylloxéra. Gand: Vanderhaegen.Google Scholar
Ulin, R.C. (1996). Vintages and Traditions: An Ethnohistory of Southwest France Wine Cooperatives. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Union des Maisons de Champagnes (2012). “Organisations des vins et spiritueux en France, en Europe et dans le monde.” Available at www.maisons-champagne.com/orga_prof/schema_org_prof.htm.Google Scholar
Unwin, T. (1991). Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Warner, C.K. (1960). The Winegrowers of France and the Government Since 1875. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wolikow, C. (2009). La Champagne viticole, banc d'essai de la délimitation (1903–1927). Territoires du vin—Pour une redéfinition des terroirs. Available at http://revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/document.php?id=275%20ISSN%201760–529/.Google Scholar