Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T12:10:18.545Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2016

Luciana Martins ,
Camilla Souto ,
Joel Braga  and
Marcos Tavares
Luciana Martins*
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil
Camilla Souto
Affiliation:
Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, 1101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley–CA 94720, USA
Joel Braga
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil
Marcos Tavares
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: L. Martins, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil. email: martinsrluciana@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The degree of isolation of oceanic islands makes these environments an excellent model for evolutionary studies. Proper knowledge of the species composition of oceanic islands, however, is required to better understand evolutionary processes (e.g. speciation events). A 3-year survey in the shallow waters (up to 30 m) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz oceanic insular complex, and a literature review on the data published for these islands and for Fernando de Noronha and São Pedro and São Paulo oceanic archipelagos have been conducted to document the biodiversity of echinoids and holothuroids from these isolated Brazilian oceanic islands. Sixteen species were collected and characterized morphologically, including two first records for the South Atlantic and one for Brazil. Comparison with conspecific specimens from the Brazilian coast and congeners was also done. Species richness increased from six to 18; the richness in Trindade Island being the highest among the South Atlantic oceanic islands. However, these islands remain undersampled beyond 30-m depth. Endemism was very low, suggesting the potential role of oceanic currents and seamounts as stepping-stones in transoceanic dispersal of species to remote islands. The Brazilian oceanic islands are impoverished oceanic outposts of the Brazilian Province; nevertheless, endemic species and intraspecific morphological variations compared with the mainland suggest they may also be regions of speciation. Documenting their biodiversity is critical for effective management and conservation of their marine ecosystems.

Keywords

Oceanic islandsSaint Peter and Paul Rocksbiodiversityspecies richnessnew records
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 98 , Issue 3 , May 2018 , pp. 521 - 555
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agassiz, A. (1972–1974) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 7, 1–378.Google Scholar
Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea, dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. 321 pp.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L. and Desor, E. (1846) Catalogue raisonné des families, des genres et des espèces de la classe des échinoderms. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris. III 6, 70 pp.Google Scholar
Albuquerque, M.d.N. and Guille, A. (1991) Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) ao largo do Brasil: Banco dos Abrolhos, cadeia submarina Vitória-Trindade e plataforma continental adjacente. Boletim do Museu Nacional 353, 1–30.Google Scholar
Alvarado, J.J. and Solís-Marín, F.A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Andrade, A.C.S., Dominguez, J.M.L., Martin, L. and Bittencourt, A.C.S.P. (2003) Quaternary evolution of the Caravelas strandplain – Southern Bahia State – Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 75, 357–382.Google Scholar
Anker, A., Tavares, M. and Mendonça, J.B. (2016) Alpheid shrimps of the Trindade & Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil (Decapoda: Caridea), with new records, description of a new species of Synalpheus and remarks on zoogeographical patterns in the oceanic islands of the tropical southern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4138, 1–58.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, I. (1947) Distribucion geografica de Los Equinoideos Argentinos. Anales de la Sociedad Argentica de Estudos Geográficos 8, 97–114.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, I. (1955a) Equinoideos y asteroideos de la collección del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de San Pablo. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 6, 51–77.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, I. (1955b) Una nueva especie de diadematideo tropical. Neotropica 6, 92.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, I. (1957) Otra nueva especie de Asteroideo Brasileiro. Neotropica 111, 33–34.Google Scholar
Borrero-Pérez, G.H., Benavides-Serrato, M. and Diaz-Sanchez, C.M. (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar 30, 250 pp.Google Scholar
Brito, I.M. (1962) Ensaio de catálogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia. Centro de Estudos Zoológicos 13, 1–10.Google Scholar
Brito, I.M. (1968) Asteróides e equinóides do estado da Guanabara e adjacências. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 260, 1–51.Google Scholar
Brito, I.M. (1971) Contribuição ao conhecimento dos Equinodermas da Ilha da Trinidade, Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 54, 261–265.Google Scholar
Brown, J. (2015) Marine life of St. Helena. Newbury: Pisces Publications, 220 pp.Google Scholar
Carlquist, S. (1974) Island biology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Carvalho, J. (1950) Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do “Baependí” e do “Vega” à I. da Trindade. Peixes. Boletim do Instituto Paulista Oceanografico 1, 97–133.Google Scholar
Clark, H.L. (1898) Notes on Bermuda echinoderms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 11, 107–413.Google Scholar
Clark, H.L. (1907) The apodous holothurians: a monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 35, 224.Google Scholar
Clark, H.L. (1921) Report on the Echinoidea collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 9, 103–121.Google Scholar
Clark, H.L. (1922a) The echinoderms of the Challenger Bank, Bermuda. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 57, 353–361.Google Scholar
Clark, H.L. (1922b) The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63, 39–74.Google Scholar
Clark, H.L. (1924) The holothurians of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The Synaptinae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65, 459–501.Google Scholar
Coimbra, J.C. and Carreño, A.L. (2012) Richness and paleo-zoogeographical significance of the benthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the oceanic island of Trindade and Rocas Atoll, Brazil. Revista brasileira de paleontologia 15, 189–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coimbra, J.C., Ghilardi, V.G., Casetta, G.M. and Bergue, C.T. (2009) Ostracodes (Crustacea; Podocopida) da Ilha da Trindade e do Atol das Rocas, Brasil. Capítulo 5. In Mohr, L.V., Castro, J.W.A., Costa, P.M.S. and Alves, R.J.V. (eds) Ilhas oceânicas brasileiras: da pesquisa ao manejo. Volume II. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Centro Mamíferos Aquáticos, Brasília. pp. 125–141.Google Scholar
Colling, A. (2001) Ocean circulation, 2nd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 286 pp.Google Scholar
Coppard, S.E. and Campbell, A.C. (2004) Taxonomic significance of spine morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema and Echinothrix. Invertebrate Biology 123, 357–371.Google Scholar
Coppard, S.E., Kroh, A. and Smith, A.B. (2010) The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites. Acta Zoológica 93, 125–148.Google Scholar
Cutress, B.M. (1996) Changes in dermal ossicles during somatic growth in Caribbean littoral sea cucumbers (Echinoidea: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of Marine Science 58, 44–116.Google Scholar
Deichmann, E. (1930) The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71, 43–226.Google Scholar
Deichmann, E. (1940) Report on the holothurians collected by the Harvard-Havana expeditions 1938 and 1939 with a revision of the Molpadonia of the Atlantic Ocean. Memorie Sociedad Cubana Historia Natural 14, 183–230.Google Scholar
Deichmann, E. (1954) The holothurians of the Gulf of México. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 381–409.Google Scholar
Deichmann, E. (1958) The Holothuroidea collected by the Velero III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Aspidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11, 249–349.Google Scholar
Döderlein, L. (1887) Die Japanischen Seeigel. I Theil. Familie Cidaridae und Saleniidae. Stuttgart: E. Schwiezerbartsche, 59 pp.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. and Lubbock, R. (1983) Marine zoogeography of St Paul's Rocks. Journal of Biogeography 10, 65–72.Google Scholar
Floeter, S.R. and Gasparini, J.L. (2000) The southwestern Atlantic reef fish fauna: composition and zoogeographic patterns. Journal of Fish Biology 56, 1099–1114.Google Scholar
Floeter, S.R., Rocha, L.A., Robertson, D.R., Joyeux, J.C., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A.J., Barreiros, J.P., Ferreira, C.E.L., Gasparini, J.L., Brito, A., Falcón, J.M., Bowen, B.W. and Bernardi, G. (2008) Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography 35, 22–47.Google Scholar
Gasparini, J.L. and Floeter, S.R. (2001) The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western south Atlantic. Journal of Natural History 11, 1639–1656.Google Scholar
Gmelin, J.F. (1791) Vermes. In Gmelin, J.F. (ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata. Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). Leipzig: G.E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021–3910.Google Scholar
Gondim, A.I., Dias, T.L.P.B. and Christoffersen, M.L. (2013) Diadema ascensionis Mortensen, 1909 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is not restricted to oceanic islands: evidence from morphological data. Brazilian Journal of Biology 2, 431–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gondim, A.I., Lacouth, P., Alonso, C. and Manso, C.L.C. (2008) Echinodermata da Praia do Cabo Branco, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 2, 151–159.Google Scholar
Guille, A. and Albuquerque, M.N. (1987) Les echinodermes du plateau continental et des seamounts. In Guille, A. and Ramos, J.M. (eds) Les Repports des campagnes à la mer TAAF MD55/Brésil à bord du Marion Dufresne 6 mai-2 juin 1987. Technical report 87-03. La Riche: Instaprint- Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, pp. 146–149.Google Scholar
Guille, A. and Albuquerque, M.d.N. (1990) Strategies de dispersion et insularite: les ophiures littorales de la chaine des seamounts Vitoria-Trindade (Bresil); resultats preliminaires. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Echinoderms, pp. 125–129.Google Scholar
Heding, S. (1928) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914–16. xlvi. Synaptidae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Købeniiavn 85, 105–323.Google Scholar
Hendler, G., Miller, J.E., Pawson, D.L. and Kier, P.M. (1995) Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 390 pp.Google Scholar
Holdgate, M.W. (1960) The fauna of the mid-Atlantic islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 152, 550–567.Google Scholar
Krau, L. (1952) Sobre uma nova espécie de Echinoidea Clypeaster oliveirai (ordem Clypeasteroida). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 50, 703–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamarck, J.B.A. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caracteres généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leus distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent; précédés d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des príncipes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome 3. Paris: Libraire Verdiére, 568 pp.Google Scholar
Landry, C., Geyer, L.B., Arakaki, Y., Uehara, T. and Palumbi, S.R. (2003) Recent speciation in the Indo-West Pacific: rapid evolution of gamete recognition and sperm morphology in cryptic species of sea urchin. Proceedings Royal Society of London 270, 1839–1847.Google Scholar
Leal, J.H. (2000) Endemism and modes of development of marine prosobranch gastropods (Mollusca) from oceanic islands off Brazil. Arquipélago Suppl. 2 (Part A), 89–97.Google Scholar
Leal, J.H. and Bouchet, P. (1991) Distribution patterns and dispersal of prosobranch gastropods along a seamount chain in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological. Association of the United Kingdom 71, 11–25.Google Scholar
Leske, N.G. (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum, edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I.T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum. Leipzig: G. E. Beer, 278 pp.Google Scholar
Lessios, H.A., Kane, J. and Robertson, D.R. (2003) Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Tripneustes: contrasting patterns of population structure between oceans. Evolution 57, 2026–2036.Google Scholar
Lessios, H.A., Kessing, B.D. and Pearse, J.S. (2001) Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution 55, 955–975.Google Scholar
Lessios, H.A., Kessing, B.D., Robertson, D.R. and Paulay, G. (1999) Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Eucidaris in relation to land barriers and ocean currents. Evolution 53, 806–817.Google Scholar
Lima-Verde, J.S. (1969) Primeira contribuição ao inventário dos Equinodermas do Nordeste Brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 1, 9–13.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1, 10th edition. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius, pp. 1–824.Google Scholar
Ludwig, H.L. (1875) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem zoolog. zootom. Institut in Würzburg 2, 77–120.Google Scholar
Ludwig, H.L. (1881) Eine Lebendiggebarende Synaptidae und zwei andere neue Holothurienarten der Brasilianischen Küste. Archives de Biologie 2, 1–58.Google Scholar
Magalhães, W.F., Martins, L.R. and Alves, O.F.S. (2005) Inventário dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Sciences and Technology 1, 61–65.Google Scholar
Marques, L.S., Ulbrich, M.N.C., Ruberti, E. and Tassinari, C.G. (1999) Petrology, geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopes of the Trindade and Martin Vaz volcanic rocks (Southern Atlantic Ocean). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 93, 191–216.Google Scholar
McCartney, M.A., Keller, G. and Lessios, H.A. (2000) Dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in Atlantic and eastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus Echinometra. Molecular Ecology 9, 1391–1400.Google Scholar
McClain, C.R. (2007) Guest editorial: seamounts: identity crisis or split personality? Journal of Biogeography 34, 2001–2008.Google Scholar
Moraes, F.C. (2011) Esponjas das Ilhas Oceânicas Brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Série Livros 44, 252 pp.Google Scholar
Moraes, F. and Muricy, G. (2007) A new species of Erylus (Geodiidae, Demospongiae) from Brazilian oceanic islands. In Custódio, M.R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. and Muricy, G. (eds) Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation & sustainability. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional, Série Livros 28, pp. 467–475.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1909) Die Echinoiden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E.v. (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern, XI. Band, Zoologie III. Berlin: Band, Heft I Georg Reimer, pp. 1–114.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1928) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1940) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta with additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1943a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 3. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1943b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 3. Camarodonta. II. Echinidae, Strongylocentrotidae, Parasaleniidae, Echinometridae. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1948a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 1. Holectypoida, Cassiduloida. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1948b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 2. Clypeasteroida. Clypeasteridae, Arachnoidae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae, and Scutellidae. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. II. Spatangoida. II. Amphiesternata. II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.Google Scholar
Motoki, A. and Motoki, K.F. (2013) Gravimetric structure and growth history of the volcanic seamounts of the Vitória-Trindade Chain, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, based on the satellite-derived data. In Thirteenth International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society, Rio de Janeiro, 26–29 August 2013, pp. 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, J. (1850) Anatomische Studien über die Echinodermen. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medicin 1850, 129–155.Google Scholar
Oliveira, L.P.H. (1951) Nota prévia sôbre a fauna e flora marinha bentônica da ilha da Trindade. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 49, 443–456.Google Scholar
O'Loughlin, P.M., Paulay, G., VandenSpiegel, D. and Samyn, Y. (2007) New Holothuria species from Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae), with comments on the origin of deep and cool holothuriids. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 64, 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz-Gómez, E.P., Borrero-Pérez, G.H., Zea, S. (2006) Change of dermal ossicles during growth in some sea cucumbers of the genus Holothuria from the Colombian Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. In Harris, L.G., Böttger, S.A., Walker, C.W. and Lesser, M.P. (eds) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, p. 317.Google Scholar
Paiva, P.C. (2006) Capítulo 7: Filo Annelida: Classe Polychaeta. In Lavrado, H.P. and Ignacio, B.L. (eds) Biodiversidade bentonica da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pp. 261–298 (Série Livros no. 18).Google Scholar
Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfischerei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen. Museum und Institut 49, 2–76.Google Scholar
Pawson, D.L. (1978) The echinoderm fauna of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 2, 1–31.Google Scholar
Pawson, D.L. and Miller, J.E. (1983) Systematics and ecology of the sea-urchin genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1–15.Google Scholar
Pawson, D.L., Pawson, D.J. and King, R.A. (2010) A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 2449, 1–48.Google Scholar
Peterson, R.G. and Stramma, L. (1991) Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 26, 1–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinheiro, H.T., Mazzei, E., Moura, R.L., Amado-Filho, G.M., Carvalho-Filho, A. and Braga, A.C. (2015) Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Southwestern Atlantic: an updated database. PLoS ONE 10, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podesta, G.P., Brown, O.B. and Evans, R.H. (1991) The annual cycle of satellite-derived sea surface temperature in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Climate 4, 457–467.Google Scholar
Pourtalès, L.F. (1851) On the Holothuriae of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fifth Meeting, Washington, pp. 8–16.Google Scholar
Prata, J., Manso, C.L.C. and Christoffersen, M. (2014) Aspidochirotida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the northeast coast of Brazil. Zootaxa 3889, 127–150.Google Scholar
Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 5, 139–158.Google Scholar
Rowe, F.W.E. (1969) A review of the familie Holothuriidae (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 18, 119–170.Google Scholar
Rowe, F.W.E. and Doty, J.E. (1977) The shallow water holothurians of Guam. Micronesica 13, 217–250.Google Scholar
Samyn, Y., VandenSpiegel, D. and Massin, C. (2006) Taxonomie des holothuries des Comores. ABC Taxa 1, 1–130.Google Scholar
Selenka, E. (1867) Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Der Philosophischen Facultat zu Gottingen in December 1866, als Dissertation vorgelegt, pp. 291–374.Google Scholar
Semper, C. (1868) Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Erster Band. Holothurien 4–5, Unpaginated.Google Scholar
Serafy, D.K. (1979) Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 5, 1–120.Google Scholar
Solís-Marín, F.A., Arriaga-Ochoa, J.A., Laguarda-Figueras, A., Frontana-Uribe, S.C. and Durán-González, A. (2009) Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California. México, DF: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad e Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, 177 pp.Google Scholar
Smith, A.B. and Kroh, A. (2011) The Echinoid directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/echinoid-directory (accessed 6 Oct 2015).Google Scholar
Stramma, L. (2001) Current systems in the Atlantic Ocean. In Steele, J.H., Thorpe, S.A. and Turekian, K.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of ocean sciences, 1st edition. New York: Academic Press, pp. 589–598.Google Scholar
Stramma, L., Ikeda, Y. and Peterson, G. (1990) Geostrophic transport in the Brazil Current region north of 20oS. Deep-Sea Research 37, 1875–1886.Google Scholar
Tavares, M. (1999) The cruise of the Marion Dufresne off the Brazilian coast: account of the scientific results and list of stations. Zoosystema 21, 597–605.Google Scholar
Tommasi, L.R. (1962) Equinodermos del litoral de San Pablo. Sobre el hallazgo de Tripneustes ventricosus Neotropica 8, 59–60.Google Scholar
Tommasi, L.R. (1966) Lista dos equinóides recentes do Brasil. Contribuições do Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, serie Oceanografia Biológica 11, 1–50.Google Scholar
Tommasi, L.R. (1969) Lista dos Holothuroidea recentes do Brasil. Contribuições Avulsas do Instituto Oceanográfico 15, 1–29.Google Scholar
Tommasi, L.R. (1974) Equinodermes do Brasil. III. Observações sobre algumas espécies coletadas durante as viagens do N/Oc. “Almirante Saldanha”. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 23, 1–15.Google Scholar
Troschel, F.H. (1869) Sitzber. neiderrhein. Ges. Bonn. Verh. Nat. Hist. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. 26, 96.Google Scholar
Vadon, C. (1988) Les echinodermes profonds. In Guille, A. and Ramos, J.M. (eds) Les rapports des campagnes à la mer TAAF MD 55/Brésil, 6 mai – 2 juin 1987, rapport 87–03, p. 150. Tours: Instaprint, 198 pp.Google Scholar
Vannucci, M. (1951) Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do “Baependi” e do “Vega” a Ilha da Trindade. O gênero Firoloida, Prosobranchia Heteropoda. Boletim do Instituto Paulista de oceanografia 2, 73–93.Google Scholar
Verrill, A.E. (1882) Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of New England. 4. Echinodermata (continued). American Journal of Science 23, 216–222.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R.J., Rigal, F., Borges, P.A.V., Cardoso, P., Terzopoulou, S., Casanoves, F., Guilhaumon, F., Ladle, R.J. and Triantis, K.A. (2014) Functional biogeography of oceanic islands and the scaling of functional diversity in the Azores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 38, 13709–13714.Google Scholar