Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T19:33:03.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nasal coarticulation in Bininj Kunwok: An aerodynamic analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2019

Hywel M. Stoakes Open the ORCID record for Hywel M. Stoakes [Opens in a new window] ,
Janet M. Fletcher  and
Andrew R. Butcher
Hywel M. Stoakes
Affiliation:
The University of Melbourne, Australia The University of Auckland, New Zealand & The ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australiah.stoakes@auckland.ac.nz
Janet M. Fletcher
Affiliation:
The University of Melbourne, Australia & The ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australiaj.fletcher@unimelb.edu.au
Andrew R. Butcher
Affiliation:
Flinders University, Australiaandy.butcher@flinders.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bininj Kunwok (BKw), a language spoken in Northern Australia, restricts the degree of anticipatory nasalization, as suggested by previous aerodynamic and acoustic analyses (Butcher 1999). The current study uses aerodynamic measurements of speech to investigate patterns of nasalization and nasal articulation in Bininj Kunwok to compare with Australian languages more generally. The role of nasal coarticulation in ensuring language compre-hensibility a key question in phonetics research today is explored. Nasal aerodynamics is measured in intervocalic, word-medial nasals in the speech of five female speakers of BKw and data are analyzed using Smoothing Spline Analysis of Variance (SSANOVA) and Functional Data Analysis averaging techniques. Results show that in a VNV sequence there is very little anticipatory vowel nasalization with no restriction on carryover nasalization for a following vowel. The maximum peak nasal flow is delayed until the oral release of a nasal for coronal articulations, indicating a delayed velum opening gesture. Patterns of anticipatory nasalization appears similar to nasal airflow in French non-nasalized vowels in oral vowel plus nasal environments (Delvaux et al. 2008). Findings show that Bininj Kunwok speakers use language specific strategies in order to limit anticipatory nasalization, enhancing place of articulation cues at a site of intonational prominence which also is also the location of the majority of place of articulation contrasts within the language. Patterns of airflow suggest enhancement and coarticulatory resistance in prosodically prominent VN and VNC sequences which we interpret as evidence of speakers maintaining a phonological contrast to enhance place of articulation cues.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Phonetic Association , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , December 2020 , pp. 305 - 332
Check for updates
Copyright
© International Phonetic Association 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baayen, R. Harald, Davidson, Douglas J. & Bates, Douglas M.. 2008. Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language 59(4), 390–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baken, Ronald J. & Orlikoff, Robert F.. 2010. Clinical measurement of speech and voice, 2nd edn. Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Basset, Patricia, Amelot, Angélique, Vaissière, Jacqueline & Roubeau, Bernard. 2002. Nasal airflow in French spontaneous speech. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31(1), 87–99.Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas, Mächler, Martin, Bolker, Benjamin M. & Walker, Steven C.. 2018. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 [computer software manual]. R package (version 0.999375-42). https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lme4/vignettes/lmer.pdf (accessed 10 December 2017).Google Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter. 2009. A coarticulatory path to sound change. Language 85(4), 785–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter & Krakow, Rena A.. 1999. Perception of coarticulatory nasalization by speakers of English and Thai: Evidence for partial compensation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106(5), 2868–2887.Google ScholarPubMed
Beddor, Patrice Speeter, McGowan, Kevin B., Boland, Julie E., Coetzee, Andries W. & Brasher, Anthony. 2013. The time course of perception of coarticulation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133(4), 2350–2366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell-Berti, Fredericka. 1993. Understanding velic motor control: Studies of segmental context. In Huffman & Krakow (eds.), 63–85.Google Scholar
Bell-Berti, Fredericka, Krakow, Rena A. & Ross, Dorothy. 1993. Velar coarticulation revisited (A). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94(3), 1881.Google Scholar
Benguerel, André-Pierre & Cowan, Helen A.. 1974. Coarticulation of upper lip protrusion in French. Phonetica 30(1), 41–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benkí, José Ramon. 2003. Analysis of English nonsense syllable recognition in noise. Phonetica 60(2), 129–157.Google ScholarPubMed
Billington, Rosey. 2014. ‘Advanced tongue root’ in Lopit: Acoustic and ultrasound evidence. In Hay, Jennifer & Parnell, Emma (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th Australasian International Speech Science and Technology Conference, 119–122. Christchurch, New Zealand: ASSTA.Google Scholar
Bladon, R. Anthony & Al-Bamerni, Ameen. 1982. One stage and two-stage temporal patterns of velar coarticulation (A). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 72, S104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blevins, Juliette. 2001. Where have all the onsets gone? Initial consonant loss in Australian Aboriginal languages. In Simpson, Jane, Nash, David, Laughren, Mary, Austin, Peter & Alpher, Barry (eds.), Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages, 481–492. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David. 2015. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [computer program] (Version: 6.0.29). Amsterdam: The University of Amsterdam. http://www.praat.org (accessed 5 June 2017).Google Scholar
Breen, Gavan & Pensalfini, Rob. 1999. Arrernte: A language with no syllable onsets. Linguistic Inquiry 30(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Butcher, Andrew [R.]. 1994. On the phonetics of small vowel systems: Evidence from Australian languages. In Togneri, Roberto (ed.), 5th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, vol. 1, 28–33. Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association.Google Scholar
Butcher, Andrew [R.]. 1996. Some connected speech phenomena in Australian languages: Universals and idiosyncrasies. In Simpson, Adrian P. & Pätzold, Matthias (eds.), Sound Patterns of Connected Speech: Description, Models and Explanation. Proceedings of the symposium held at Kiel University on 14-15 June 1996 (Arbeitsberichte 31, Institut für Phonetik der Universität Kiel), 83–10. Kiel: Universität Kiel.Google Scholar
Butcher, Andrew [R.]. 1999. What speakers of Australian Aboriginal languages do with their velums and why: The phonetics of the nasal/oral contrast. In Ohala, John J., Hasegawa, Yoko, Granville, Daniel & Bailey, Ashlee C (eds.), 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XIV), San Francisco, 479–482.Google Scholar
Butcher, Andrew [R.]. 2006. Consonant-salient phonologies and the ‘place-of-articulation imperative’. In Harrington, Jonathan & Tabain, Marija (eds.), Speech production: Models, phonetic processes and techniques, 187–210. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Butcher, Andrew [R.] & Loakes, Deborah. 2008. Enhancing the left edge: The phonetics of prestopped sonorants in Australian languages. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124(4), 2527–2527.Google Scholar
Carignan, Christopher. 2017. Covariation of nasalization, tongue height, and breathiness in the realization of F1 of Southern French nasal vowels. Journal of Phonetics 63, 87–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Peter. 1976. Kunwinjku (Gunwinggu): A language of Western Arnhem Land. Masters thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Chafcouloff, Michel & Marchal, Alain. 1999. Velopharyngeal coarticulation. In Hardcastle, William J. & Hewlett, Nigel (eds.), Coarticulation: Theory, data and techniques, 69–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Marilyn Y. 1997. Acoustic correlates of English and French nasalized vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102(4), 2360–2370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, Taehong. 2001. The effects of prosody on articulation in English. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.Google Scholar
Cho, Taehong & Jun, Sun-Ah. 2000. Domain initial strengthening as enhancement of laryngeal features: Aerodynamic evidence from Korean. In Okrent, Arika & Boyle, John P. (eds.), Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 36(1), 57–69.Google Scholar
Cho, Taehong, Kim, Daejin & Kim, Sahyang. 2017. Prosodically-conditioned fine-tuning of coarticulatory vowel nasalization in English. Journal of Phonetics 64, 71–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert H. 1973. The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 12(4), 335–359.Google Scholar
Clumeck, Harold. 1976. Patterns of soft palate movements in six languages. Journal of Phonetics 4(4), 337–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Abigail C. & Riehl, Anastasia K.. 2008. The internal structure of nasal-stop sequences: Evidence from Austronesian. Laboratory Phonology 11, 27–28.Google Scholar
Crowley, Terry. 1981. The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri. In Dixon, R. M. W. & Blake, Barry J. (eds.), Handbook of Australian languages, vol. 2, 146–194. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, Lisa. 2006. Comparing tongue shapes from ultrasound imaging using smoothing spline analysis of variance. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120(1), 407–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delvaux, Veronique, Demolin, Didier, Harmegnies, Bernard & Soquet, Alain. 2008. The aerodynamics of nasalization in French. Journal of Phonetics 36(4), 578–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixit, R. Prakash & MacNeilage, Peter F.. 1972. Coarticulation of nasality: Evidence from Hindi (A). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52(1A), 131–132.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. 1980. The languages of Australia. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Docherty, Gerard, Gonzalez, Simón & Mitchell, Nathaniel. 2015. Static vs. dynamic perspectives on the realization of vowel nucleii in West Australian English. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVIII), Glasgow.Google Scholar
Etherington, Steven & Etherington, Narelle. 1998. Kunwinjku Kunwok: A short introduction to Kunwinjku language and society, 3rd edn. Kunbarllanjnja: The Kunwinjku Language Centre.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 1995. Current issues in Australian phonology. In Goldsmith, John (ed.), Handbook of phonological theory, 723–761. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2003a. Bininj Gun-Wok: A pan-dialectal grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune (Pacific Linguistics 541). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2003b. The Non-Pama-Nyungan languages of Northern Australia: Comparative studies of the continent’s most linguistically complex region. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Farnetani, Edda & Kori, Shiro. 1986. Effects of syllable and word structure on segmental durations in spoken Italian. Speech Communication 5(1), 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farnetani, Edda & Recasens, Daniel. 2013. Coarticulation and connected speech processes. In Hardcastle, William J., Laver, John & Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.), The handbook of phonetic sciences, vol. 79, 316–352. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Flege, James Emil. 1988. Anticipatory and carry-over nasal coarticulation in the speech of children and adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 31(4), 525–536.Google ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, Janet M. & Butcher, Andrew R.. 2002. Vowel dispersion in two Northern Australian languages: Dalabon and Bininj Gun-Wok. In Bow, Cathy (ed.), Proceedings of the 9th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 343–348. Melbourne: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet M. & Butcher, Andrew R.. 2014. Sound patterns of Australian languages. In Koch, Harold & Nordlinger, Rachel (eds.), The languages and linguistics of Australia: A comprehensive guide, 91–138. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet M., Butcher, Andrew R., Loakes, Deborah E. & Stoakes, Hywel M.. 2010. Aspects of nasal realization and the place of articulation imperative in Bininj Gun-wok. In Tabain, Marija, Fletcher, Janet M., Grayden, David, Hajek, John & Butcher, Andrew R. (eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 78–81. Melbourne: ASSTA, Inc.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet M., Butcher, Andrew R., Loakes, Deborah E. & Stoakes, Hywel M.. 2011. Coarticulation and consonant cluster production in Iwaidja. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129(4), 2452–2452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, Janet M., Loakes, Deborah E. & Butcher, Andrew R.. 2009. Coarticulation in nasal and lateral clusters in Warlpiri. INTERSPEECH 2008, 9th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 86–89.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet M., Stoakes, Hywel M., Loakes, Deborah E. & Butcher, Andrew R.. 2007. Spectral and durational properties of vowels in Kunwinjku. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of the Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI), 937–940. Saarbrücken.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet M., Stoakes, Hywel M., Loakes, Deborah E. & Singer, Ruth. 2015. Accentual prominence and consonant lengthening and strengthening in Mawng. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVIII). Glasgow.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet [M.], Stoakes, Hywel M., Singer, Ruth J. & Loakes, Deborah E.. 2016. Intonational correlates of subject and object realisation in Mawng (Australian). Speech Prosody 2016, 188–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fougeron, Cécile. 2001. Articulatory properties of initial segments in several prosodic constituents in French. Journal of Phonetics 29(2), 109–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fougeron, Cécile & Keating, Patricia A.. 1997. Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101(6), 3728–3740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, Carol A. & Brown, Julie M.. 2000. Perceptual parsing of acoustic consequences of velum lowering from information for vowels. Perception & Psychophysics 62(1), 21–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fruehwald, Josef. 2017. Generations, lifespans, and the zeitgeist. Language Variation and Change 29(1), 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garde, Murray. Forthcoming. Bininj Kunwok dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Gu, Chong. 1990. Adaptive spline smoothing in non-Gaussian regression models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 85(411), 801–807.Google Scholar
Gu, Chong. 2014. Smoothing spline ANOVA models: R package gss. Journal of Statistical Software 58(5), 1–25. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v58/i05/ (accessed 10 December 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddican, Bill, Foulkes, Paul, Hughes, Vincent & Richards, Hazel. 2013. Interaction of social and linguistic constraints on two vowel changes in northern England. Language Variation and Change 25(3), 371–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajek, John. 1997. Universals of sound change in nasalization. Oxford & Boston, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Philip J. 1996. Phonetic constraints and markedness in the phonotactics of Australian Aboriginal languages. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Harrington, Jonathan. 1994. The contribution of the murmur and vowel to the place of articulation distinction in nasal consonants. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96(1), 19–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrington, Jonathan. 2012. Acoustic phonetics. In Hardcastle, William J., Laver, John & Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.), The handbook of phonetic sciences, 2nd edn., vol. 116, chapter 3. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harrington, Jonathan, Kleber, Felicitas & Reubold, Ulrich. 2013. The effect of prosodic weakening on the production and perception of trans-consonantal vowel coarticulation in German. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134(1), 551–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrington, Jonathan & Schiel, Florian. 2017. /u/-fronting and agent-based modeling: The relationship between the origin and spread of sound change. Language 93(2), 414–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Joy Kinslow. 1969. Descriptive and comparative study of the Gunwingguan languages, Northern Territory. Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Harvey, Mark, Lin, Susan, Turpin, Myfany, Davies, Ben & Demuth, Katherine. 2015. Contrastive and non-contrastive pre-stopping in Kaytetye. Australian Journal of Linguistics 35(3), 232–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Mark & Mailhammer, Robert. 2018. Reconstructing remote relationships: Proto-Australian noun class prefixation. Diachronica 34(4), 470–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hercus, Luise A. 1972. The pre-stopped nasal and lateral consonants of Arabana-Waŋgaŋuru. Anthropological Linguistics 14(8), 293–305.Google Scholar
Hercus, Luise A. 1994. A grammar of the Arabana-Wangkangurru language: Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Heyne, Matthias & Derrick, Donald. 2015. Using a radial ultrasound probes virtual origin to compute midsagittal smoothing splines in polar coordinates. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138(6), EL509–EL514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudgins, Clarence V. & Stetson, Raymond H.. 1937. Relative speed of articulatory movements. Archives Néerlandaises de Phonétique Expérementale 13, 85–94.Google Scholar
Huffman, Marie K. 1988. Timing of contextual nasalization in two languages. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 69, 68–76.Google Scholar
Huffman, Marie K. & Krakow, Rena A. (eds.). 1993. Nasals, nasalization and the velum, vol. 5. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia A., Cho, Taehong, Fougeron, Cécile & Hsu, Chai-Shune. 1998. Domain-initial articulatory strengthening in four languages. In Local, John, Ogden, Richard & Temple, Rosalind (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI, 143–161. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkham, Sam. 2017. Ethnicity and phonetic variation in Sheffield English liquids. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47(1), 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, Harold. 2014. Historical relations among the Australian languages: Genetic classification and contact-based diffusion. In Koch, Harold & Nordlinger, Rachel (eds.), The languages and linguistics of Australia: A comprehensive guide, 23–89. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krakow, Rena A. 1999. Physiological organization of syllables: A review. Journal of Phonetics 27(1), 23–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krakow, Rena A. & Huffman, Marie K.. 1993. Instruments and techniques for investigating nasalization and velopharyngeal function in the laboratory: An introduction. In Huffman & Krakow (eds.), 3–59.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter. 2003. Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn & Maddieson, Ian. 1988. Phonetic universals in consonant systems. In Hyman, Larry M. & Li, Charles N. (eds.), Language, speech and mind: Studies in honour of Victoria A. Fromkin, 62–78. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Loakes, Deborah E., Butcher, Andrew R., Fletcher, Janet M. & Stoakes, Hywel M.. 2008. Phonetically prestopped laterals in Australian languages: A preliminary investigation of Warlpiri. INTERSPEECH 2008, 9th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 90–93. Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1988. Prenasalized stops and speech timing (A). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83, S28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1989. Prenasalized stops and speech timing. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19(2), 57–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddieson, Ian & Ladefoged, Peter. 1993. Phonetics of partially nasal consonants. In Huffman & Krakow (eds.), 251–301.Google Scholar
Manakgu, Andrew & Etherington, Steve. 1996. Basic Kunwinjku dictionary: A simplified English–Kunwinjku and Kunwinjku–English dictionary with semantic domain listing. Kunbarllanjnja: The Kunwinjku Language Centre.Google Scholar
Manuel, Sharon Y. 1990. The role of contrast in limiting vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in different languages. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88(3), 1286–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mielke, Jeff. 2015. An ultrasound study of Canadian French rhotic vowels with polar smoothing spline comparisons. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137(5), 2858–2869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, George A. & Nicely, Patricia E.. 1955. An analysis of perceptual confusions among some English consonants. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27(2), 338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moll, Kenneth L. & Daniloff, Raymond G.. 1971 . Investigation of the timing of velar movements during speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 50(2B), 678–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nycz, Jennifer & De Decker, Paul. 2006. A new way of analyzing vowels: Comparing formant contours using smoothing spline ANOVA. In Poster presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation 35. Columbus, OH.Google Scholar
Oates, Lynette F. 1964. A tentative description of the Gunwinggu language (of Western Arnhem Land). Oceania Linguistic Monographs 10, 3–119.Google Scholar
O’Grady, Geoffrey N., Voegelin, Carl F. & Voegelin, Florence M.. 1966. Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific fascicle six. Anthropological Linguistics 8(2), 1–197.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1974. A mathematical model of speech aerodynamics. Proceedings of the Speech Communication Seminar, Stockholm, vol. 2, 65–72.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1975. Phonetic explanations for nasal sound patterns. In Ferguson, Charles A., Hyman, Larry M. & Ohala, John J. (eds.), Nasalfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization, 289–316. Stanford, CA: Language Universals Project, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1993. Coarticulation and phonology. Language and Speech 36(2–3), 155–170.Google ScholarPubMed
Pastore, Richard E. & Farrington, Shannon M.. 1996. Measuring the difference limen for identification of order of onset for complex auditory stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics 58(4), 510–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pentland, Christina. 2004. Stress in Warlpiri: Stress domains and word-level prosody. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Queensland, School of English, Media Studies and Art History.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet. 1990. Phonological and phonetic representation. Journal of Phonetics 18(3), 375–394.Google Scholar
Pisoni, David B. 1977. Identification and discrimination of the relative onset time of two component tones: Implications for voicing perception in stops. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 61(5), 1352–1361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proctor, Michael, Goldstein, Louis, Lammert, Adam, Byrd, Dani, Toutios, Asterios & Narayanan, Shrikanth. 2013. Velic coordination in French nasals: A real-time magnetic resonance imaging study. In Bimbot, Frederic, Cerisara, Christophe, Fougeron, Cecile, Gravier, Guillaume, Lamel, Lori, Pellegrino, Francois, Perrier, Pascal (eds.), The Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2013, 577–581. Lyon, France.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [computer software manual] (version 3.5.0). Vienna. http://www.R-project.org, ISBN 3-900051-07-0 (accessed, 1 July 2018).Google Scholar
Ramsay, James O., Wickham, Hadley, Graves, Spencer & Hooker, Giles. 2017. fda: Functional data analysis [computer software]. R package (version 2.4.7). https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/fda/fda.pdf (accessed 1 July 2018).Google Scholar
Recasens, Daniel. 1983. Place cues for nasal consonants with special reference to Catalan. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73(4), 1346–1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recasens, Daniel. 1989. Long range coarticulation effects for tongue dorsum contact in VCVCV sequences. Speech Communication 8(4), 293–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repp, Bruno H. & Svastikula, Katyanee. 1988. Perception of the [m]–[n] distinction in VC syllables. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83(1), 237–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riehl, Anastasia K. 2008. The phonology and phonetics of nasal obstruent sequences. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Riehl, Anastasia K. & Cohn, Abigail C.. 2011. Partially nasal segments. In Hume, Elizabeth, van Oostendorp, Marc, Ewen, Colin J. & Rice, Keren (eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, 550–576. Chichester: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Rebecca, Zellou, Georgia, Mirzayan, Armik & Rood, David S.. 2015. Phonetic and phonological patterns of nasality in Lakota vowels. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45(3), 289–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solé, Maria-Josep. 1992. Phonetic and phonological processes: The case of nasalization. Language and Speech 35(1–2), 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solé, Maria-Josep. 1995. Spatio-temporal patterns of velopharyngeal action in phonetic and phonological nasalization. Language and Speech 38(1), 1–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, Kenneth N. 1998. Acoustic phonetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Stoakes, Hywel M. 2013. An acoustic and aerodynamic analysis of consonant articulation in Bininj Gun-wok. Ph.D. thesis, The School of Languages and Linguistics, The University of Melbourne, Australia. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/42067.Google Scholar
Stoakes, Hywel M. 2016. Nasal aerodynamics and coarticulation in Bininj Kunwok: Smoothing spline analysis of variance. In Carignan, Christopher & Tyler, Michael D. (eds.), The proceedings of The Sixteenth Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, Sydney, 113–116.Google Scholar
Tabain, Marija, Butcher, Andrew R., Breen, Gavan & Beare, Richard. 2016. An acoustic study of nasal consonants in three Central Australian languages. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139(2), 890–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, Douglas H. 1990. Coarticulation is largely planned. Journal of Phonetics 18, 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickham, Hadley. 2009. ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winkelmann, Raphael, Jaensch, Klaus, Cassidy, Steve & Harrington, Jonathan. 2018. emuR: Main package of the EMU speech database management system [computer software manual]. R package (version 1.0.0.9003). https://ips-lmu.github.io/The-EMU-SDMS-Manual/ (accessed 1 December 2018).Google Scholar
Yanagihara, Naoaki & Hyde, Charlene. 1966. An aerodynamic study of the articulatory mechanism in the production of bilabial stop consonants. Studia Phonologica IV, 70–80.Google Scholar
Yiu, Suki. 2015. Intonation of statements and question in Cantonese English: Acoustic evidence from a smoothing spline analysis of variance. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVIII), Glasgow.Google Scholar