REFERENCES
Allen, G.,
Buxton, R.B.,
Wong, E.C., &
Courchesne, E.
(1997).
Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor
involvement.
Science,
275,
1940–1943.
Baghurst, P.A.,
McMichael, A.J.,
Tong, S.L.,
Wigg, N.R.,
Vimpani, G.V., &
Robertson, E.F.
(1995).
Exposure to environmental lead and visual-motor integration at 7
years: The Port Pirie Cohort Study.
Epidemiology,
6,
104–109.
Baghurst, P.A.,
McMichael, A.J.,
Wigg, N.R.,
Vimpani, G.V.,
Robertson, E.F.,
Roberts, R.J., &
Tong, S.L.
(1992).
Environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at
the age of seven years. The Port Pirie Cohort Study.
New England Journal of Medicine,
327,
1279–1284.
Bellinger, D.,
Leviton, A.,
Allred, E., &
Rabinowitz, M.
(1994).
Pre- and postnatal lead exposure and behavior problems in
school-aged children.
Environmental Research,
66,
12–30.
Bellinger, D.,
Leviton, A., &
Sloman, J.
(1990).
Antecedents and correlates of improved cognitive performance in
children exposed in utero to low levels of lead.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
89,
5–11.
Bellinger, D.C.
(2000).
Effect modification in epidemiologic studies of low-level
neurotoxicant exposures and health outcomes.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology,
22,
133–140.
Bellinger, D.C.,
Stiles, K.M., &
Needleman, H.L.
(1992).
Low-level lead exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: A
long-term follow-up study.
Pediatrics,
90,
855–861.
Bernstein, J.H. &
Waber, D.P.
(1996).
Developmental scoring system for the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure:
Professional manual.
Odessa, FL:
Psychological Assessement Resources.
Byers, R.K., &
Lord
(1943).
Late effects of lead poisoning on mental development follow-up
reassessment.
Pediatrics,
67,
911–919.
Canfield, R.L.,
Henderson, C.R.,
Cory-Slechta, D.A.,
Cox, C.,
Jusko, T.A., &
Lanphear, B.P.
(2003).
Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations
below 10 microg per deciliter.
New England Journal of Medicine,
348,
1517–1526.
Cory-Slechta, D.A.
(1997).
Relationships between Pb-induced changes in neurotransmitter system
function and behavioral toxicity.
Neurotoxicology,
18,
673–688.
Coscia, J.M.,
Ris, M.D.,
Succop, P.A., &
Dietrich, K.N.
(2003).
Cognitive development of lead exposed children from ages 6 to 15
years: An application of growth curve analysis.
Child Neuropsychology,
9,
10–21.
Dennis, M.
(1989).
Language and the young damaged brain. In
T. Boll and
B.K. Bryant (Eds.),
Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement,
and practice (pp.
89–123).
Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Dietrich, K.N.,
Berger, O.G., &
Succop, P.A.
(1993a).
Lead exposure and the motor developmental status of urban
six-year-old children in the Cincinnati Prospective Study.
Pediatrics,
91,
301–307.
Dietrich, K.N.,
Berger, O.G.,
Succop, P.A.,
Hammond, P.B., &
Bornschein, R.L.
(1993b).
The developmental consequences of low to moderate prenatal and
postnatal lead exposure: Intellectual attainment in the Cincinnati Lead
Study Cohort following school entry.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology,
15,
37–44.
Dietrich, K.N.,
Krafft, K.M.,
Bornschein, R.L.,
Hammond, P.B.,
Berger, O.,
Succop, P.A., &
Bier, M.
(1987).
Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioral development
in early infancy.
Pediatrics,
80,
721–730.
Dietrich, K.N.,
Ris, M.D.,
Succop, P.A.,
Berger, O.G., &
Bornschein, R.L.
(2001).
Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology,
23,
511–518.
Dietrich, K.N.,
Succop, P.A.,
Berger, O.G.,
Hammond, P.B., &
Bornschein, R.L.
(1991).
Lead exposure and the cognitive development of urban preschool
children: The Cincinnati Lead Study cohort at age 4 years.
Neurotoxicology anl Teratology,
13,
203–211.
Dudek, B. &
Merecz, D.
(1997).
Impairment of psychological functions in children environmentally
exposed to lead.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental
Health,
10,
37–46.
Ernhart, C.B.
(1995).
Inconsistencies in the lead-effects literature exist and cannot be
explained by “effect modification”.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology,
17,
227–233.
Fergusson, D.M. &
Horwood, L.J.
(1993).
The effects of lead levels on the growth of word recognition in
middle childhood.
International Journal of Epidemiology,
22,
891–897.
Freedman, R.,
Olson, L., &
Hoffer, B.J.
(1990).
Toxic effects of lead on neuronal development and function.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
89,
27–33.
Gibson, J.L.
(1917).
The diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of plumbic ocular neuritis
amongst Queensland children.
Medical Journal of Australia,
September 8,
201–204.
Greene, T. &
Ernhart, C.B.
(1991).
Adjustment for cofactors in pediatric research.
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,
12,
378–385.
Greenough, W.T.,
Black, J.E., &
Wallace, C.S.
(1987).
Experience and brain development.
Child Development,
58,
539–559.
Kaufman, A.S.
(2001).
Do low levels of lead produce IQ loss in children? A careful
examination of the literature.
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,
16,
303–341.
Lanphear, B.P.,
Dietrich, K.,
Auinger, P., &
Cox, C.
(2000).
Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10
microg/dL in US children and adolescents.
Public Health Reports,
115,
521–529.
Lasley, S.M.,
Green, M.C., &
Gilbert, M.E.
(1999).
Influence of exposure period on in vivo hippocampal glutamate and
GABA release in rats chronically exposed to lead.
Neurotoxicology,
20,
619–629.
Major, R.H.
(1931).
Some landmarks in the history of lead poisoning.
Annals of Medical History,
3,
218–227.
Mushak, P.
(1989).
Biological monitoring of lead exposure in children: Overview of
selected biokinetic and toxicological issues. In
M.A. Smith,
L.D. Grant, &
A.I. Sors (Eds.),
Lead exposure and child development: An international assessment (pp.
129–145).
London:
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Nation, J.R. &
Gleaves, D.H.
(2001).
Low-level lead exposure and intelligence in children.
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,
16,
375–388.
Needleman, H.L.,
Gunnoe, C.,
Leviton, A.,
Reed, R.,
Peresie, H.,
Maher, C., &
Barrett, P.
(1979).
Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with
elevated dentine lead levels.
New England Journal of Medicine,
300,
689–695.
Needleman, H.L.,
Schell, A.,
Bellinger, D.,
Leviton, A., &
Allred, E.
(1990).
The long-term effects of low doses of lead in childhood: An 11-year
follow-up report.
New England Journal of Medicine,
322,
83–88.
Pedhazur, E.J.
(1982).
Multiple regression in behavioral research.
New York:
Holt.
Pocock, S.J.,
Ashby, D., &
Smith, M.A.
(1987).
Lead exposure and children's intellectual performance.
International Journal of Epidemiology,
16,
57–67.
Rabinowitz, M.,
Wang, J.D., &
Soong, W.T.
(1993).
Lead and classroom performance at seven primary schools in Taiwan.
Research in Human Capital and Development,
7,
253–272.
Ris, M.D.
(2003).
Casual inference in lead research: Introduction to the special section on
the neurobehavioral effects of environment lead.
Child Neuropsychology,
9,
1–9.
Roda, S.M.,
Greenland, R.D.,
Bornschein, R.L., &
Hammond, P.B.
(1988).
Anodic stripping voltammetry procedure modified for improved
accuracy of blood lead analysis.
Clinical Chemistry,
34,
563–567.
Schneider, J.S.,
Lee, M.H.,
Anderson, D.W.,
Zuck, L., &
Lidsky, T.I.
(2001).
Enriched environment during development is protective against
lead-induced neurotoxicity.
Brain Research,
896,
48–55.
Schwartz, J.
(1994).
Low-level lead exposure and children's IQ: A meta-analysis and
search for a threshold.
Environmental Research,
65,
42–55.
Stiles, K.M. &
Bellinger, D.C.
(1993).
Neuropsychological correlates of low-level lead exposure in
school-age children: A prospective study.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology,
15,
27–35.
Trope, I.,
Lopez-Villegas, D.,
Cecil, K.M., &
Lenkinski, R.E.
(2001).
Exposure to lead appears to selectively alter metabolism of
cortical gray matter.
Pediatrics,
107,
1437–1442.
US Centers for Disease Control.
(1991).
Preventing lead poisoning in young children–A statement by the
United States Centers for Disease Control.
Atlanta, GA:
United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Center for Disease Control.
Wasserman, G.A.,
Facgtor-Litvak, P.,
Liu, X.,
Todd, A.,
Kline, J.K.,
Slavkovich, V.,
Popovac, D., &
Graziano, J.H.
(2003).
The relationship between blood lead, bone lead and child
intelligence.
Child Neuropsychology,
9,
22–34.
Wasserman, G.A.,
Musabegovic, A.,
Liu, X.,
Kline, J.,
Factor-Litvak, P., &
Graziano, J.H.
(2000).
Lead exposure and motor functioning in 4(1/2)-year-old
children: The Yugoslavia prospective study.
Journal of Pediatrics,
137,
555–561.
Winneke, G. &
Kraemer, U.
(1984).
Neuropsychological effects of lead in children: Interactions with
social background variables.
Neuropsychobiology,
11,
195–202.
World Health Organization.
(1995).
Environmental Health Criteria 165: Inorganic lead.
W.H.O. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Geneva:
Author.