¹ Lewis, David Levering, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Rudwick, Elliot, W. E. B. Du Bois: Propagandist of the Negro Protest (New York, 1969)Google Scholar; Rampersad, Arnold, The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois (Cambridge, MA, 1976).Google Scholar

² Robinson, Cedric J., Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill, 2000)Google Scholar; Kelley, Robin D. G., Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990)Google Scholar; James, Winston, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; Naison, Mark, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (Urbana, 1983)Google Scholar; Solomon, Mark I., The Cry Was Unity: Communism and African Americans, 1917–1936 (Jackson, MS, 1998)Google Scholar; McDuffie, Erik S., “She Devoted Twenty Minutes Condemning All Other Forms of Government but the Soviet: Black Women Radicals in the Garvey Movement and in the Left during the 1920s” in Africa Diasporic: A Reader, ed. Gomez, Michael (New York, 2006), 219–249Google Scholar, Gilmore, Glenda, Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919–1950 (New York, 2008)Google Scholar; Davies, Carole Boyce, Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones (Durham, NC, 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar