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Urbanization of the Malays since Independence: Evidence from West Malaysia, 1957 and 1970

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2011

Peter J. Rimmer  and
George C. H. Cho
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Extract

A major intent of Malaysia's New Economic Policy, given expression in the Second Malaysia Plan (1971–75) and Third Malaysia Plan (1976–80) is “to diminish the concentration of employment among the Malays … in traditional agriculture while increasing their presence in the relatively more affluent urban sector”.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , September 1981 , pp. 349 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1981

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References

1 Third Malaysia Plan, 1976–1980 (Kuala Lumpur, 1976), p. 44.Google Scholar

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5 Urba n centres in Sarawak and Sabah are excluded because of the absence of comparable time series data.

6 Ooi, “Urbanization and the Urban Population”.

7 Pryor, “The Changing Settlement System”.

8 Sendut, Hamzah, “Some Aspects of Urban Change in Malaya, 1931–1957”, Kajian Ekonomi Malaysia 2, no. 1 (1965): 87–103Google Scholar; Sendut, Hamzah, “Statistical Distribution of Cities in Malaysia”, Kajian Ekonomi Malaysia 2, no. 2 (1965): 49–66Google Scholar.

9 1970 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia: Community Groups (Kuala Lumpur, 1970), p. 23.Google Scholar

10 Ibid.

11 Linge, G. J. R., The Delimitation of Urban Boundaries, Department of Geography Publication G/2 (1965), Australian National University, Canberra, p. 144.Google Scholar

12 See Pryor, “The Changing Settlement System”.

13 Fuchs, V. R., “Statistical Explanation of the Relative Shift of Manufacturing among Regions of the United States”, Regional Science Association Papers 8 (1961)Google Scholar, reprinted in Regional Analysis and Development, ed. J. Blunden et al. (London, 1973).

14 No centres in Perlis met the urban threshold of 10, 000.

15 A “shift and share” analysis of the Chinese population between 1957 and 1971 showed a different pattern of “gains” and “losses” than among the Malays. All state capitals made strong positive showings except for Georgetown and Melaka (although this was compensated by Bukit Baharu). Kuala Lumpur also experienced a “loss” because of the suburbanization of the Chinese to the Kelang Valley towns of Petaling Jaya, Jinjang, and Kelang. At the state level Selangor, Perak, and Johor recorded strong “gains”; Kelantan, Terengganu, and Melaka smaller “gains”; Pahang a small “loss”; and Pulau Pinang, Kedah, and Negeri Sembilan major “losses”.

16 Pryor, R. J., Spatial Analysis of Internal Migration, Monograph Series no. 5 (Townsville: Department of Geography, James Cook University of North Queensland.)Google Scholar

17 Hirschman, “Recent Urbanization Trends”.

18 Ibid.

19 Aiken and Leigh, “Malaysia's Emerging Conurbation”.

20 McGee, T. G., The Urbanization Process in the Third World: Explorations in Search of a Theory (London, 1971), p. 106Google Scholar; McGee, T. G., “Malay Migration to Kuala Lumpur City: Individual Adaptation to the City”, in Changing Identities in Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Banks, D. J. (The Hague, 1976), pp. 199–236Google Scholar.

21 Drakakis-Smith, D. W. and Johnstone, M. A., “United Nations Squatter Report: Kampong Maxwell, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” (Unpublished report, Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra).Google Scholar

22 Pryor, “Spatial Analysis”.

23 Kamal Salih, “Unbalanced Growth and Persistent Poverty”.

24 Pryor, R. J., “Internal Migrants in Peninsular Malaysia”, Journal of Tropical Geography (in press).Google Scholar

25 Third Malaysia Plan, x. 149.

26 Ooi, “Urbanization and the Urban Population”.

27 Young, Mei-ling, “Migration and Employment: A Case Study of a Rural Settlement within a Development Scheme in Peninsular Malaysia” (Paper presented at Colloquium on Rural-Urban Relations and Development Planning in Asia, Nagoya, Japan, Nov. 1977).Google Scholar

28 , McGee, The Urbanization Process, p. 107.Google Scholar

29 , Pryor, “Spatial Analysis”, p. 40.Google Scholar

30 Ibid.

31 Third Malaysia Plan, p. 149.

32 Hirschman, “Recent Urbanization Trends”.

33 Third Malaysia Plan, p. 149.

34 , McGee, The Urbanization Process, pp. 149–79.Google Scholar

35 Ibid., pp. 154-65.

36 For comments on “ethnic” research in Southeast Asia, see Dentan, R. K., “Ethnics and Ethics in Southern Asia”, Changing Identities in Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Banks, D. J., pp. 71–81Google Scholar.

37 McGee, T. G., “Rural Urban Migration in a Plural Society: A Case Study of Malays in West Malaysia”, in The City as a Centre of Change in Asia, ed. Dwyer, D. J. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1972)Google Scholar]; McGee, T. G., “Rural-urban mobility in South and Southeast Asia, Different formulations … different answers”, in Third World Urbanization, ed. Abu-Lughod, Janet and Hay, R. Jr (Chicago, 1977), pp. 196–212Google Scholar.

38 Kamal Salih, “Unbalanced Growth and Persistent Poverty”.

39 Zelinsky, W., “The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition”, Geographical Review 61 (1971): 236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar