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17 See Grumbine, Edward, ‘What is ecosystem management?’, Conservation Biology 8, 1 (1994): 27–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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20 For enabling the continued monitoring of active Indigenous agency in the Tun Mustapha Park, we are grateful for the University-wide research grant from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia on ecological aquaculture, the socioeconomic component (NRGS 0007), which was led by the first author from 2013–16; see Johari, Sofia and Cooke, Fadzilah Majid, ‘Community participation in the planning stage of the Tun Mustapha Park Establishment’, in Aquaculture production in northern and eastern Sabah: Implications for society, culture and ecology, ed. Cooke, Fadzilah Majid, Salleh, Ejria and Ann, Lee Hock (Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 2017), pp. 85–106Google Scholar.

21 We thank Universiti Malaysia Sabah for a Universiti small grant awarded in 2011, that enabled these interviews to be undertaken, some of the findings of which have been included in Cooke and Adnan, ‘Malaysia’.

22 Schlosberg, ‘Theorising environmental justice’, p. 39. Using the concept of praxis, Schlosberg insists that environmental justice should take account of issues on the ground in order to advance beyond the injustice of environmental racism against people of colour where theorising began. In developing countries, critique by Ramachandra Guha and Joan Martinez Alier has prompted a broadening of the lens of injustice to include Third World landscapes, and the globalisation of poverty. See Guha, Ramachandra and Martinez-Alier, Joan, Varieties of environmentalism: Essays North and South (London: Earthscan, 1997)Google Scholar.

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29 Joeyimin Min, ‘Local entitlements and commercial shrimp farming in Sabah’, in Cooke et al., Aquaculture production in northern and eastern Sabah, pp. 123–40.

30 Barlocco, Fausto, ‘Media, state and bangsa: A brief history of the creation of ethnic and national identities in Sabah (1953–2007)’, Sabah Society Journal 24 (2007): 37–62Google Scholar; Barlocco, Fausto, Identity and state in Sabah (London: Routledge, 2014)Google Scholar.

31 Fausto Barlocco, ‘Media, state and bangsa’, p. 41.

32 Interview, a Lower Kinabatangan villager, June 2006.

33 Interview, a Lower Kinabatangan villager, Dec. 2006.

34 Barlocco, ‘Consuming ethnic identities’, p. 478.

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38 Free Malaysia Today, ‘Muslims in Sabah not same as in Malaya’, 12 Mar. 2014. The reference to peninsular Malaysia as ‘Malaya’ can be derogatory in some circles, especially when it is used as a short form to represent the arrogance, insensitivity and pushiness they think is common among Peninsular Malays. See also Barlocco, Fausto, ‘The village as a community of practice: The constitution of village belonging through leisure sociality’, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 166, 4 (2010): 404–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

39 Interview, Kota Kinabalu, Aug. 2017.

40 Malaysian Insight, ‘Sabah leaders insist on local leading UMS’, 1 June 2017, https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/4103/ (accessed 25 Sept. 2017); Borneo Post, ‘D. Kamarudin's appointment as UMS vice-chancellor proves Sabahans are recognised — Musa’, http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/16/d-kamarudins-appointment-as- ums-vice-chancellor- proves-sabahans-are- recognised-musa/ (accessed 25 Sept. 2017).

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42 See the articles in the special issue of Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, 3 (2001), especially James T. Collins, ‘Contesting Straits Malayness: The fact of Borneo’: 385–96; and Jan van der Putten, ‘A Malay of Bugis ancestry: Haji Ibrahim's strategies of survival’: 343–54. Also see Milner, ‘Ideological work in constructing the Malay majority’; and Long, Being Malay in Indonesia, pp. 5–15.

43 Abaza, Mona, ‘Intellectuals, power and Islam in Malaysia: S.N. al-Attas or the beacon on the crest of a hill’, Archipel 58, 3 (1999): 192CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 196; Shamsul A.B.,‘Bureaucratic management of identity’, p. 146.

44 Abaza, ‘Intellectuals, power and Islam’, p. 195.

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53 Cooke and Toh, ‘Indigenous Peoples and access to customary lands’,

54 Cooke and Adnan, ‘Malaysia’.

55 Village interview, Kuala Tomani Forest Reserve, Nov. 2011.

56 Interview, Aloysius, village within the Kuala Tomani Forest Reserve, Nov. 2011. All names are pseudonyms as per anthropological ethics.

57 For more detail on the use of mapping technology in court cases by Indigenous peoples in land disputes against the state and private corporations, see Cooke, Fadzilah Majid, ‘Maps and countermaps: Globalised imaginings and localised realities of Sarawak's plantation agriculture’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34, 2 (2003): 265–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

58 Six farmers from Imahit were convicted on 12 Nov. 2010 by the Magistrate's Court in Tenom for ‘illegally’ entering and cultivating in the Kuala Tomani Forest Reserve. The magistrate ruled that a native had no customary right to land gazetted as forest reserve, which is also the Sabah Forestry Department's public stance. The farmers appealed, and the High Court judge David Wong, on 4 Mar. 2011, overturned the Magistrate's ruling, questioning the Magistrate for not addressing whether the farmers could have authority to have rights on the land by virtue of their native customary rights, and for failing to determine whether they possessed any such rights on the land. The High Court allowed the appeal based on evidence of NCR, i.e. burial grounds that existed before the gazetting of the Kuala Tomani Forest Reserve in 1984, and of trees and crops cultivated by the farmers’ ancestors, which the farmers’ are continuing to cultivate, showing that there had been continued use and occupation of the land pioneered by their ancestors. This High Court decision argues that gazetting of a forest reserve does not extinguish existing native customary rights, and that such rights can be established within forest reserves. See Cooke and Toh, ‘Indigenous Peoples and access to customary lands’. Upon appeal filed by the SFD, the High Court decision was overturned in 2013.

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62 Cooke and Toh, ‘Indigenous Peoples and access to customary lands’.

63 Aiken and Leigh, ‘Seeking redress in the courts’, pp. 825–7.

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66 Yamamoto, ‘Malay periodicals in North Borneo’.

67 Nagatsu, ‘Pirates, sea nomads or protectors of Islam?’.

68 Ibid., p. 222.

69 Field notes, Pulau Malawali in the Bangi island chain in northern Sabah, Feb. 2003.

70 Interview, Mapan fisherman, 17 Dec. 2016.

71 Pers. comm., former WWF-Malaysia staff, 2016.

72 Ibid.

73 Agrawal, Arun and Gibson, Clark, ‘Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community and natural resource conservation’, World Development 27, 4 (1999): 629–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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