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Early Policies in the Malacca Jurisdiction of the United East India Company: The Malay Peninsula and Netherlands East Indies Attachment*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

J.E. Hoffman
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Extract

The report upon the shortcomings of the Malacca jurisdiction which Extraordinary Councillor Willem de Roo sent to Johan van Hoorn, Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies, in November 1705 offered reasons for the initiative which he and his colleagues had taken in relations with the Johor Court: ‘… business in Malacca is wholly fallen into decay, with, it seems to me, little appearance of a big improvement, let alone a full recovery of the formerly flourishing trade, because people have indulgently too long allowed contracts concluded with surrounding rulers and allies to be broken without making much complaint thereupon, or themselves maintaining (the force of the contracts), principally concerning the Johorese …’

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Articles
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , March 1972 , pp. 1 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1972

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References

1 The terms ‘Netherlands East India’ (Nederlants Oost India) and ‘the whole of Netherlands East India’ occur in a ‘Sedige Remonstrantie’ addressed to Batavia from Malacca under the dates 8 and 11 March 1704. The letter, from Predikant Jan Cartou to the ‘general lords of the whole of Netherlands East India’, can be read in the collection of microfilmed manuscripts at the University of Singapore under Koloniaal Archief-Ontvangene en Ingezonden Papieren van Malacca, 1705, Band 10, see esp. pp. 111, 113, 115. The term ‘Netherlands Indies’ had been used since at least 1643 (see Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.—Brieven en Papieren Overgekomen uit Indie, 1644, Band 1, Vervolg, F.397, p. 1Google Scholar. This was in a letter dated 20 February 1643, from the Orangkaya Laksamana of Johor to Governor Jeremias van Vliet of Malacca.) The term ‘Governor-General of Netherlands India’, giving the full association of the old title with the extent of Netherlands responsibilities in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, had been current since at least 1655 (see the Atjeh-Perak Treaty of 7 December 1655. Heeres, J.E. (ed), ‘Corpus Diplomaticum’, Deel, Tweede, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie, pp. 77–81Google Scholar.

2 This dispatch is dated 9 November 1705, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1706, Band 15, pp. 1–3. This is the third series of page numberings in this ‘band’ (‘binding'). The translation is by the writer of this paper, as are the others from the Singapore collection of microfilmed manuscripts, as well as from the Generale Missiven which Dr. W. Ph. Coolhaas has edited for the years up to and including 1674 (leaving them in the original Dutch), from the treaties in the successive numbers of the ‘Corpus Diplomaticum’, and from other contemporary sources, such as Van Dam's Beschryvings and the Dagh-Register. Translations by other writers are so indicated. The italics in the passage above are also mine.

3 Sultan of Johor to Van Hoorn and Councillors, forwarded from Malacca, 18 August 1706. Translated from the Malay into Dutch. Singapore Collections, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1707, Band 14, pp. 208–209.

4 Van Hoorn early in his term (1704–1709) had shown a regard for the imperial aspect of his role, characterised by a concern for ‘our Colonies’. See his letter in Council to Governor Carel Bolner of Malacca and Council dated both 9 and 10 September 1704, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-Batavia's Uitgaande Briefboeken, 1704, p. 1138. The Italics are mine. Van Hoorn had been in the Indies since his tenth year, in VOC service since he was 11 or 12 in 1665, and was the son-in-law of his predecessor-in-office, Willem van Outhoorn.

5 Generale Missive of 30 November 1706. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-GM, 1707, Boek 1, folio 150, p. 2; and folio 151, p. 1. The writer has given a translation of the relevant section of this extraordinary Generale Missive as an appendix to the M.A. thesis accepted by the University of Melbourne. Folio-numbering in this and all other cases throughout the paper is given according to the ledger system, or ‘opened book’ which is what confronts anyone using the microfilm reading machine. The manuscripts appear as a series of paired pages, thus as a white continuum with a black space on each side. Those pairs numbered according to the folio system have a number only in the top right-hand corner of the right-hand page, with no number on the left-hand page. This right-hand page number has thus been made the determining one for the pair. For example, where this number is ‘204’, the left-hand page becomes ‘f. 204, p. 1’ and the right-hand page is ‘f. 204, p. 2’.

6 For example, as in Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia, 1679, p. 607. Entry for 28 December 1679.

7 Governor-General Johannes Camphuijs and Council to Governor Thomas Slicher and Council, 11 July 1691. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1691–2, p. 286.

8 Treaty of 9 April 1689. Heeres, J.E. and Stapel, F.W. (eds.), CD, Derde Deel, BTLV 91, p. 493Google Scholar.

9 Jang di-Pertuan Muda of Johor to Governor Pieter Rooselaar and Council, forwarded from Malacca on 1 October 1708 and received in Batavia on 26 December 1708. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1709, Band 12, pp. 17 and 18.

10 Stapel even believed, incorrectly, as the manuscripts show, that nothing came of the mission seeking annulment of the 1689 treaty, sent by the Johor court to Batavia in April 1691 (‘Hiervan kwam niets …’). See his notes to the Johor treaty of 19 August 1713, CD, Deel, Vierde, BTLV 93, p. 440Google Scholar.

11 Governor-General Van Outhoorn and Council to Governor Gelmer Vosburgh and Council, 21 April 1693 and 13 July 1695. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1693, pp. 573 and 576, and Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1695–6, pp. 901–902.

12 Memorie door den Gouverneur Cornelis van Quaalbergen, 30 November 1684. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1685, Band 9, f 205, p. 2, and f 206, p. 1. The italics are mine.

13 Quoted in Stapel, F.W., Martin, Hans, and Hoogenberg, H., Indie Schrijft Zijn Eigen Geschiedenis (N.V. Uitgevers-Maatschappij, ‘Elsevier’, Amsterdam, 1943), p. 70Google Scholar.

14 The letter, dated 21 April 1682, is in the Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1681–1682, 519, p. 2.

15 The terms of the treaty with Djambi were so strict that no European or ‘Indian’ nation, even the Djambinese themselves, in fact nobody other than the VOC and its ‘Residents’, might buy pepper in the principality or export it, directly or indirectly. See treaty of 20 August 1681, Heeres and Stapel, CD, Derde Deel, op. cit., especially pp. 281–282.

16 Banten had troubled Malacca's ‘jurisdiction’ in the Straits. The Bantenese had, for instance, plundered the VOC factory at Inderagiri in April 1679, and Van Quaalbergen was still arguing with the Sultan of Inderagiri in a letter of 9 May 1681 about what had happened to some of the goods. (See Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1682, Band 4, p. 1055). And Banten, in addition to maintaining the subject-territory of the Lampongs beside Palembang, was a traditional enemy of this Straits principality from the time of the 1596 ‘holy war’ (see de Graaf, H.J., Geschiedenis van Indonesie (N.V. Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage- Bandung, 1949), p. 304Google Scholar. Even in far-off Perak, Speelman's triumph in Banten was celebrated by the firing of the Resident's ‘large and small cannon’, which alone demonstrated a change in conditions for the Dutch there, the alleged smuggling-ashore of some guns — an accusation then denied by the Dutch — having been one of the main causes of the massacre there 31 years before. (See Koopman Adriaen Wilant to Governor Cornelis van Quaalbergen, 3 June 1682, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1683, Band 3, p. 1416.)

17 Van Quaalbergen to the Sultan of Djambi, 15 April 1683, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1684, Band 10, double-numbered as p. 64 and 1358, and p. 65 which also fits the sequence as 1359. The italics are mine.

18 Van Quaalbergen to the Sultan of Johor and Pahang, 1 May 1683, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1684, Band 10, double-numbered as p. 69 (and implied 1363), and p. 70 and 1364. The italics are mine.

19 Van Quaalbergen to Speelman, 1 May 1683. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1684, Band 10, double-numbered as p. 80 (and 1374) to p. 91 (and 1385 implied).

20 Djambi-Palembang Peace Treaty of 7–10 September 1683, Heeres and Stapel, CD, Derde Deel, op. cit., p. 330.

21 Van Quaalberg to Speelman, op. cit., double-numbered as p. 86 (and 1380) to p. 96 (and 1390).

22 A summary of Coen's ‘Discoers aen de E. Heeren Bewinthebberen toucherende den nederlantsche Indischen staet’ appears in Masselman, G., The Cradle of Colonialism (Yale University Press, 1963), pp. 307–312Google Scholar.

23 SirTemple, William, Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands (first published in 1673, this edition from Cambridge University Press, 1932) pp. 139–140Google Scholar. The Italics in the five lines near the end are mine. In that passage, Temple had italicised only the word ‘Indies’.

24 See van Leur, J.C., Indonesian Trade and Society, Essays in Asian Social and Economic History (W. van Hoeve Publishers Ltd., The Hague, 1967)Google Scholar. The work was first published in full in English in 1955.

25 See Resink, G.J., ‘The Significance of the History of International Law in Indonesia’ in An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography, Essays edited by Soedjatmoko, and Ali, Mohammad, Resink, G.J. and Kahin, G. McT., (Cornell University Press, New York, 1965)Google Scholar; also, Indonesia's History Between the Myths, Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory (W. van Hoeve Publishers Ltd., The Hague, 1968)Google Scholar.

26 Leupe, P.A., ‘The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640–1641, Extracts from the Archives of the Dutch East India Company’, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XIV, Part I (01 1936), p. 124Google Scholar. The italics are mine. These translated ‘extracts’ are correctly so entitled. They do not give a connected account of the course of the siege.

27 van Dam, Pieter, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie, Tweede Boek, Deel I, uitgegeven door Dr. F.W. Stapel ('s-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1931)Google Scholar, Het Veertiende Capittel, p. 329. The Heeren XVII instructed Van Dam in 1693 to compose his ‘Beschryvinge’. He submitted the completed work in 1701.

28 In the copy of the tin contract between the Siamese Governor of Ujong Salang and the Dutch, 18 March 1643, sent by Jan Hermanszoon (in Ujong Salang) to Malacca. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1644, Band 1 Vervolg, folio 443, p. 2.

29 Orangkaya Laksamana of Johor to Governor Jeremias van Vliet of Malacca, received 20 February 1643. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1644, Band 1 Vervolg, f. 397, p. 1.

30 Van Vliet to Governor-General Antonio van Diemen, 19 June 1643. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1644, Band 1 Vervolg, f. 425, p. 1.

31 Further treaty in Ujong Salang, dated 20 October 1643. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1644, Band 2, f. 45, p. 2.

32 See Dagh-Register, 1641–1642, p. 123 (entry 10 March 1642). Also Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1644, Band 2, f. 46, p. 2.

33 Dagh-Register, 1641–1642, p. 128 (entry 16 March 1642).

34 Van Diemen and Council in Generate Missive of 7 March 1643. Generale Missive van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII Der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Deel II: 1639–1655, Uitgegevan door Dr. W. Ph. Coolhaas ('s-Gravenhage, 1964), p. 195.

35 Ibid., p. 197.

36 Van Diemen and Council to Van Vliet, 2 May 1644. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1644, p. 164.

37 Van Vliet on 16 November 1645 to Arnoldt de Vlamingh van Outshoorn. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1646, Band 4, f. 632, p. 2.

38 Van der Lijn and Council, in Generale Missive, 15 January 1647. GM-Coolhaas, Deel II, p. 303.

39 From Pieter Wynanszoon in Perak (apparently to Ondercoopman Lieuwe van Bossem Rossem in Atjeh) 5 October 1647. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1647 Band 1, f. 327, p. 1.

40 Ibid., f. 328, p. 2 and f. 329.

41 See Irwin, Graham W., ‘The Dutch and the Tin Trade of Malaya in the Seventeenth Century’, Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia, Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, eds. Ch'en, Jerome and Tarling, Nicholas (Cambridge University Press, 1970)Google Scholar.

42 Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch-.BUB, 1650, pp. 159–160.

43 Heeres, CD, Eerste Deel, op. cit., p. 539.

44 Treuytman report to Governor-General, 13 January 1651. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1651, Band 1, f. 314, p. 1.

45 Ibid., f. 314, p. 2.

46 Ibid., f. 319, pp. 1 and 2.

47 Renierszoon and Councillors in General Missive of 20 January 1651. GM-Coolhaas, Deel II, p. 458.

48 Ibid., pp. 458–460.

49 Ibid., pp. 458–460.

50 Ibid., p. 461.

51 Ibid., pp. 462–463.

52 Renierszoon and Councillors in Generate Missive, 19 December 1651. GM-Coolhaas, Deel II, pp. 513–514.

53 Ibid., pp. 519–520.

54 Ibid., p. 520. The italics are mine.

55 Renierszoon and Council in Generate Missive of 31 January 1653. GM-Coolhaas, Deel II, p. 645.

56 Letter written by Treuytman ‘Inde negrij boucquit tingi int lant van queda in mijn arrest plaatse 20 April 1652’. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1653, Band 3, f. 308, p. 2–f. 315, p. 1.

57 Van Dam, , Beschryvinge, Tweede Boek, Deel I, Het Veertiende Capittel, p. 336Google Scholar.

58 General Missive of 31 January 1653, op. cit., p. 647.

59 Akte of 11 April 1680. Heeres, CD, Derde Deel, op. cit., pp. 217–218.

60 Treaty of 7 December 1655. See footnote 1. The italics are mine.

61 Maetsuycker and Council in Generate Missive of 4 December 1656. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 92.

62 See Heeres, ' notes in CD., Tweede Deel, BTLV, Deel 87 (Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage, 1931), pp. 151–152Google Scholar.

63 Generale Missive of 4 December 1656, GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 93.

64 Ibid., p. 94.

65 Maetsuycker and Council to Governor Joan Thyssen and Council in Malacca, 13 July 1657. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1657, p. 301.

66 Winstedt, R.O., A History of Malaya (Marican & Sons, Malaysia, Ltd., Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, Third Edition Revised, 1968. First published 1935), p. 129Google Scholar. The passage to which Winstedt referred was clearly on p. 132 of the ‘Report of Governor Balthasar Bort on Malacca 1678’, JMBRAS, Vol. V, Part II (11 1927)Google Scholar.

67 Hall, D.G.E., A History of South-East Asia (Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London, 1958), p. 261Google Scholar.

68 See Van Dam, , Beschryvinge, Tweede Boek, Deel I, Het Achtste Capittel, pp. 302–304Google Scholar.

69 Van Dam, , Beschryvinge, Tweede Boek, Deel I, Het Veertiende Capittel, p. 337Google Scholar.

70 Heeres, notes in ‘Corpus Diplomaticum’, Tweede Deel, op. cit., p. 152–153.

71 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 16 December 1660. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, pp. 324–325.

72 Ibid., pp. 325–326.

73 Ibid., p. 326.

74 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 26 January 1661. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 354.

75 Entry for 28 December 1661. Dagh-Register, 1661, p. 377. J.A. van der Chijs (ed.) (Landsdrukkerij, Batavia; M. Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage, 1889).

76 Maetsuycker and Council to Thyssen and Council in Malacca, 22 September 1662. Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1662, p. 513.

77 Treaty of 29 June 1662. Heeres, CD, Tweede Deel, op. cit., pp. 209–212.

78 Maetsuycker and Council in Generate Missive of 26 December 1662. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 419.

79 From ‘Paducca Sirij Solton Mammoesa’ to Van Riebeeck (no date but its sequence places it some time in 1663). Singapore Collection. Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1664, Band 1, p. 530.

80 Van Riebeeck to Maetsuycker, 19 January 1664. Singapore Collection. Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1665, Band 2, pp. 70–74.

81 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 5 October 1667. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, op. cit., pp. 585–586.

82 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 6 December 1667. GM-Coolhaas, Deel HI, pp. 604–605. The italics are mine.

83 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive, 5 October 1667. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 585.

84 From paraphrase of Generale Missive of 18 October 1668. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 625.

85 ‘Instructie voor den Ondercoopman Sr Jacob Splinter’ by Bort and Council, 1 March 1669. Singapore Collection. Kol. Arch.-BPO, f. 936, p. 1.

86 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 31 January 1669. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 664.

87 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 17 November 1669. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, op. cit., pp. 684 and 687.

88 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 15 December 1669. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 721.

89 Bort and Council to Maetsuycker, 6 June 1669. Singapore Collection. Kol. Arch.-BPO, Band 4, 995, pp. 1 and 2.

90 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 17 November 1669. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, pp. 686–687.

91 See Resink, , Indonesia's History Between the Myths, p. 153Google Scholar in the essay ‘From the Ravages of an Iconoclastic Fury’.

92 Ibid.

93 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 31 January 1672. GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 783. This raises a question about the meaning of a passage in Winstedt's ‘History of Johore’: ‘In June 1679 Johor had 300 well-armed vessels ready to surprise Jambi and had found a Bugis ally, Daeng Mangika the earliest adventurer of his race to enter Johor history’. See Winstedt, R.O., ‘A History of Johore (1365–1895)’, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. X, Part III, 12 1932, p. 46Google Scholar. The italics are mine.

94 Bort, ‘Ordre voor onse kruijsers Hier int Vaerwater Van Malacca’, 21 December 1672. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1674, Band 4, f. 634, pp. 1 and 2.

95 See Winstedt, ‘A History of Johore’, op. cit., p. 43.

96 Maetsuycker and Council to Bort and Council. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1673, p. 969.

97 Letter to Maetsuycker from Antonio Barbosa Lobo, 18 February 1673. The Dagh-Register for 1673, p. 92 (entry, 5 April 1673). The passage was indicated in H.P.N. Muller, ‘The Malay Peninsula and Europe in the Past’ (abstracted from the Dutch by P.C. Hoynck van Papendrecht), JSBRAS, December 1914, p. 61. The italics are mine. ‘Indien’ in the passage obviously extends here beyond the final form of the Netherlands East Indies.

98 See footnote 23.

99 A predikant in Malacca addressed Maetsuycker in a letter of 24 February 1672 as ‘Gouverneur Generael van nederlants India’. Singapore Collection. Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1673, Band 5, f. 458, p. 2. The Dagh-Register for 1676, p. 2 (entry, 1 January 1676) records an address of that date to Maetsuycker as ‘Gouverneur Generael van de Nederlants Indien’. The expression ‘Nts India’ comes up again in a dispatch to Maetsuycker from the west coast of Sumatra on 2 January 1678 — Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1678, Band 7, f. 766, p. 2, and abounds from then on. Examples can be pointed out almost at random in the manuscripts from 1679–1680 onwards.

100 See Maetsuycker's letter of 28 November 1676 to the Heeren XVII, advocating the use of Dutch in the Indies, instead of the Portuguese lingua franca, as ‘contributing to the interests of the state’. Stapel, F.W., Martin, Hans, Hoogenberk, H., Indie Schrijft Zijn Eigen Geschiedenis (N.V. Uitgevers Maatschappij, ‘Elsevier’, Amsterdam, 1843), p. 75Google Scholar.

101 Maetsuycker in Generale Missive of 17 November 1674, GM-Coolhaas, Deel III, p. 943.

102 Maetsuycker to Bort, 19 October 1674, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1674, p. 484.

103 A detailed exchange of correspondence between Bort and the Sultan of Perak on trade considerations had followed the discovery of stone and cannon-shot in tin delivered to Malacca early in 1674 by a ‘Moor’ trader based in Perak. See Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1675, Band 5, ff. 230–231, 236–237, 255.

104 Maetsuycker and Council to Bort and Council, 4 November 1675. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch-BUB, 1675, p. 457.

105 Treaty of 11–14 January 1676. Heeres, and Stapel, , CD, Derde Deel, BTLV Deel 91 (Martinus Nijhoff, '2-Gravenhage, 1934), pp. 7–9Google Scholar.

106 Maetsuycker to Bort, 30 September 1676. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1676, pp. 467–468.

107 Maetsuycker and Council in Generale Missive of 24 November 1677. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-GM, 1678, Boek 1, f. 74, p. 2 and f. 75, p. 1.

108 Ibid., f. 73, pp. 1 and 2. The italics are mine.

109 Van Goens to Bort, 12 August 1678. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1678, (doubling numbering on these pages) f. 379, pp. 1 and 2, f. 380, p. 1.—also numbered pp. 754–755–756. ‘In't Casteel Batavia den 13en Augustus 1678’ also appears as the last line of the letter despite the date 12 August with the signature and at the tops of the pages.

110 See ‘Report of Governor Balthasar Bort on Malacca 1678’, Blagden, C.O. (ed.) and Bremner, M.J. (translator), JMBRAS, Vol. V, Part II (11 1927), p. 132Google Scholar.

111 See footnote 16.

112 ‘Akte’ (deed) of 11 April 1680, Heeres, CD, Deel III, op. cit., pp. 217–218. Also Bassett, D. K., Dutch Treaties with Malay States, c. 1600–1750 (University of Singapore, 1956), p. 11Google Scholar.

113 Treaty of 20 April–3 July 1678. Heeres and Stapel, CD, Derde Deel, op. cit., see especially pp. 136 and 139.

114 Treaty of 19 May 1681. Heeres and Stapel, CD, Derde Deel, op. cit., esp. pp. 267–268.

115 On 24 May 1681. Op. cit., pp. 272–273.

116 See footnote 15.

117 Camphuijs to Van Quaalbergen, 4 September 1684. Singapore Collection. Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1683–1685, f. 398, p. 2. Also bears a crossed-out page number, ‘663’.

118 Ibid., f. 395, p. 2 and f. 399, p. 1. Also with crossed-out page numbers, ‘663’ and ‘664’.

119 Van Quaalbergen, 's ‘Memorie’, Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1685, Band 9, f. 204, pp. 1 and 2Google Scholar.

120 Comanszoon to Radja Mahkota of Deli, 4 March 1686. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1687, Band 9, pp. 1738–1739 (only even pages marked).

121 Comanszoon and Council to Onderkoopman Pieter Muin in Perak, 4 March 1686. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1687, Band 9, pp. 1733–1734.

122 Schagen to Camphuijs, 25 September 1686 (sic). Preceding and following documents make it clear that the clerk should have written ‘1685’ on this dispatch in the Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1687, Band 9, pp. 1569–1571 (only the even-numbered pages are marked). Governor Pieter Rooselaar's administrative summary of 10 April 1708 says that Schagen sailed on 12 January 1686 from Malacca to take over the Governorship of Bengal. See Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-Ontvangene en ingezonden papieren van Malacca, 1709, Band 12, pp. 221–222.

123 Camphuijs and Council to Slicher, dated 22 and 26 October 1686. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BUB, 1686–7, p. 684.

124 Slicher to Camphuijs, 24 October 1687. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1689, Band 10, pp. 973–980 (only even-numbered pages marked).

125 Onderkoopman Joannes Bonket to Slicher, 31 May 1688. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1689, Band 10, pp. 872 and 895 (only even-numbered pages marked).

126 Camphuijs and Council in Generale Missive of 13 December 1686. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-GM, 1687, Boek 1, f. 239, p. 2, and f. 240, p. 1.

127 See dispatch from Salomon Emaus, in the sloop Fortuijn, to Slicher, 19 August 1688. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1689, Band 10, p. 918. Also J.V. Munster and Cornelis Mathyszoon to Slicher, 19 October 1688. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1689, Band 10, p. 953.

128 CaptainDampier, William, Voyages and Descriptions, Vol. II (London, Printed for James Knapton at the Crown in St. Paul's Church-yard, MDCXCIX) p. 116Google Scholar.

129 Slicher and Council to Camphuijs and Council, 9 August 1690. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1691, Band 20, pp. 666–669 (only even-numbered pages marked).

130 Sultan of Johor to Camphuijs, received in Malacca on 13 April 1691. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1692, Band 11, f. 354, p. 2; f. 355, pp. 1 and 2.

131 See Footnote 7.

132 Vosburg and Council to Van Outhoorn and Council, 9 May 1693. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1694, Band 14, pp. 669–670.

133 Ibid., pp. 670–671.

134 Ibid., pp. 672–673.

135 See Footnote 11.

136 Vosburg and Council to Van Outhoorn and Council, 11 February 1694. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-BPO, 1695, Band 13, pp. 479–483, (only even-numbered pages marked).

137 Vosburg to Bendahara Sri Maharaja of Johor, 9 March 1696. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1697, Band 8, pp. 60–61.

138 ‘Ten Ordonnantie vanden E President en Raad’, signed ‘M. van Loon, secretaris’ 4 and 8 March 1698. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1699, Band 10, pp. 16–18.

139 Van Hoorn to Orangkaya Besar Sri Maharaja of Perak, 24 April 1700. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1701, Band 11, pp. 44–45.

140 Hamilton, Alexander, A New Account of the East Indies (Vol. II, The Argonaut Press, London, 1930, first published, 1727), pp. 52–53Google Scholar.

141 Pieter Rooselaar's Memorie of 26 December 1709. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.- OIP, 1710, Band 12, p. 6 (in the third series of numbering in this band).

142 This had been sought nine years earlier by Govert van Hoorn. See his Memorie, signed 23 November 1700, but dated 24 November at the top of each page. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-OIP, 1701, Band 11, p. 11 (in the second series of numberings in this band).

143 Ibid., pp. 4–6.

144 Op. cit., p. 56.

145 See Treaty of 12 November 1709. Stapel, CD, Vierde Deel, op. cit., pp. 334–339, also Stapel's notes (pp. 385–386) with the further treaty of 10 September 1711.

146 Van Riebeeck in Generale Missive of 29 November 1710. Singapore Collection, Kol. Arch.-GM, 1711, Boek 1, f. 131, pp. 1 and 2; f. 134, pp. 1 and 2.

147 Van Dam, , Beschryvinge, Tweede Boek, Deel I, Het Achtste Capittel, p. 305Google Scholar.

148 These figures are calculated mostly from the official and personal career details listed chronologically in van Rhede van der Kloot, M.A., de Gouverneurs-Generael en Commissarissen-Generael van Nederlandsch-Indie, 1610–1888. (W.P. van Stockum & Zoon, 's-Gravenhage, 1891)Google Scholar. There may be an error of up to one year in some cases due to lack of information about the month of some arrivals and departures.

149 See Boxer, C.R., The Dutch Seaborne Empire (Hutchinson, London, 1965), pp. 300–302Google Scholar, which, in addition to the usual ranks in maritime and military branches of the VOC, lists five pay classifications for officers in the mercantile section (and there were, for instance, gradings again in the assistent, or clerk, classification), as well as others for ecclesiastics, craftsmen and artisans.

150 In its context a reference to ‘the Great East’. Dagh-Register entry for 9 November 1663. Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse over geheel Nederlante-India, Anno 1663, van der Chijs, J.A. (ed.), (Batavia Landsdrukkerij, 's Hage, 1891), p. 531Google Scholar.

151 See Footnote 26.