The authors wish to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for its financial support (Grants nos. 410–93–1391 and 96–1145) as well as the following persons: Andrée Gauthier, Claire G. Daigle, Christine Veilleux, Lyne Chabot, Stéphane Bernard and Yann Roche.

¹ Maurer, Jean-Luc, Modernisation agricole, développement économique et changement social. he riz, la terre et l'homme à Java (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Booth, Anne, Agricultural Development in Indonesia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1988), pp. 100–138.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Fegan, Brian, “The Philippines: Agrarian Stagnation Under a Decaying Regime”, in Agrarian Transformations. Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia, ed. Hart, Gillian, Turton, Andrew and White, Benjamin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p. 127.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ In 1990, average population densities, in persons per square kilometre, were as follows: Philippines: 202; Luzon, 286; Cebu, 520; Negros, Leyte and Bohol all above 225; Mindanao, 136; cf. Koninck, Rodolphe De, L'Asie du Sud-Est (Paris: Masson, 1994), p. 103.Google Scholar

²⁰ To facilitate the comparison between the two dates, the base maps have been standardized, that is aligned on the provincial divisions as they stood in 1990. Recent editions of the Philippines Statistical Yearbook do in fact provide figures on the basis of that contemporary provincial breakdown.

²¹ See, for example, Pelzer, Pioneer Settlements; Hardjono, Joan, Transmigration in Indonesia (Jakarta: Oxford University Press, 1977)Google Scholar and “The Indonesian Transmigration Programme in Historical Perspective”, International Migration 26, 4 (1988): 427–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Benoit, Daniel, Levang, P., Pain, M. and Sevin, O., Transmigration and Spontaneous Migrations in Indonesia (Paris and Jakarta: ORSTOM, Departemen Transmigrasi, 1989)Google Scholar; Charras, Muriel and M.Marc Pain, Marc Pain, (eds.), Spontaneous Settlements in Indonesia: Agricultural Pioneers in Southern Sumatra (Paris and Jakarta: ORSTOM, CNRS and Departemen Transmigrasi, 1993).Google Scholar

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³¹ De Koninck, L'Asie du Sud-Est, p. 134. This refers to actual land devoted to agriculture and does not take into account the increase in cropped land, resulting essentially from the increase in the practice of annual double cropping of rice.

³² Booth, Agricultural Development, p. 41.

³³ Ibid., pp. 43–44.

³⁴ These statements concern the large islands and groups of islands and not necessarily all components of the latter. Some islands (such as Bali), provinces (such as Southeast Sulawesi) or kabupaten (such as Jayapura in Irian Jaya), have been the object of specific and different forms of demographic evolution.

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³⁸ Khoi, Le Thanh, Histoire du Viet Nam des origines à 1858 (Paris: Sudestasie, 1981).Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ Region V includes four provinces: Kon Turn, Gia Lai, Dae Lac and Lam Dong; it corresponds, roughly, to the area which, in 1926, encompassed the three provinces of Kon Tum (since divided into Kon Tum and Gia Lai), Darlac (today's Dac Lac) and Haut Donnai, the sizes and boundaries of all these provinces having been modified since.

⁴⁷ In 1991, population densities, as measured in persons per square kilometer, varied between 72 (Lam Dong) and 24 (Kon Tum), with a regional average of 50, versus 207 for the country as a whole.

⁴⁸ Although Vietnamese Government officials remain vague about future expansion prospects, evidence from the ground, as seen by the first author on the occasion of field visits to several N.E.Z. during April and May 1995, seems to indicate that such prospects are substantial.

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⁷⁴ Ibid., p. 407 sq.

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