Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:25:55.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Chinese Resistance Movement in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Li Yuk-Wai
Affiliation:
Education Department, Hong Kong

Extract

The Chinese community in the Philippines before the outbreak of the Pacific War was relatively small and homogeneous in comparison with those in other Southeast Asian countries. When the Japanese occupied the Philippine islands, they found a Chinese community of less than one per cent of the total population. This small alien group did not appear to be a serious threat to the Japanese authorities. However, during the three and a half years of Japanese occupation, the Chinese maintained several guerrilla groups, which formed part of the resistance movement in the Philippines.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See, Chinben, “Chinese Clanship in the Philippine Setting”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (03 1981): 225CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Zisheng, Huang and Sibing, He, , Feilubin huagiao shi (A history of the Philippine Chinese) (Guangdong, 1987), p. 275Google Scholar.

3 Akashi, Yoji, The Nanyang Chinese Salvation Movement, 1937–1941 (Kansas, 1970), p. 95Google Scholar.

4 Chen Chu-pei, “The Chinese and the War in the Philippines” (Typescript, Commissioned by Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1949), p. 42.

5 Ibid., p. 45

6 Shen Fushui , “Feilubin huaqiao ge laogong tuanti lianhehui de zhandou licheng” (The history of the Philippine Chinese United Workers' Union), Guangdong wenshi ziliao (Guangdong historical materials) 54 (03 1988): 103Google Scholar.

7 Richardson, J.A., “The Genesis of Philippine Communist Party” (Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1984), p. 171Google Scholar.

8 Fushui, Shen, “Feilubin huaqiao”, p. 101Google Scholar; McLane, C.B., Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia. An Explanation of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin (New Jersey, 1966), p. 127CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 McLane, , Soviet Strategies, p. 188Google Scholar; Brimmel, J.H., Communism in Southeast Asia. A Political Analysis (London, 1959), pp. 103104Google Scholar.

10 Fushui, Shen, “Feilubin huaqiao”, p. 104Google Scholar.

11 The abbreviation for Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magsasaka sa Pilipinas (National Society of Peasants in the Philippines), a large Filipino peasant organization in Central Luzon founded during the 1930s.

12 Liang Shangyuan and Cai Jianhua , Huaqiao kangri zhidui (The Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force) (Hong Kong, 1980), pp. 1415Google Scholar.

13 Chen Chu-pei, “The Chinese and the War”, pp. 35–36.

14 Taruc, Luis, Born of the People (New York, 1953), pp. 7576Google Scholar.

15 Liang, and Cai, , Huaqiao kangri zhidui, pp. 3638 and 245Google Scholar.

16 Chen Guang “Yiji feilubin huaqiao kangri chujian yiyongjun” (An account of the Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese Volunteer Corps), Yanlaihong (Tricolor Amaranth), ed. Guangzhou feilubin guiqiao lianyihui (Guangzhou Friendly Association of Returned Philippine Chinese) 2 (12 1987): 1718Google Scholar.

17 “A Brief Report of the Activities of the Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese Volunteers Corps”, 20 July 1945, National Archives and Records Administration, Philippine Archives Collection (herafter NARA, PAC), RG407, Box 323, File 105.

18 Qiu Rongzhuan , “Feilubin huaqiao kangri fanjian datongmeng sannian dixia douzheng shulue” (Three years' underground struggle of the Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese and Anti-Puppets League), Yanlaihong 3 (08 1989): 2Google Scholar.

19 Quirino, Jose A., “The COWHM Story — School Honors War Dead”, in Chinese Participation in Philippine Culture and Economy, ed. Liao, Shubert S.C. (Manila, 1964), p. 145Google Scholar. It is not clear whether all the trainees returned to the Philippines. Probably only those who were sick returned.

20 COWHM Veterans Association (National Headquarter), The Souvenir Issue of COWHM Veterans Association 40th Anniversary, p. 27Google Scholar. The word Hsuehkan means blood and guts.

21 Ibid., p. 28; Tan, Antonio, The Chinese in the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 1981), p. 82Google Scholar.

22 NARA, PAC, RG407, Box 322, File 103.

23 Huang, and He, , Feilubin huaqiao shi, p. 471Google Scholar.

24 Liang, and Cai, , Huaqiao kangri zhidui, p. 182Google Scholar.

25 Wang Shunliu , “Hua Zhi yu Bijituan” Hua Zhi and the Pekek Squadron, in 45th Anniversary of the Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Forces (Wha Chi), 1942–1987, ed. Post, Wha Chi Veterans MM, 4th Metro Manila Chapter NCR (Manila, 1987), p. 95Google Scholar.

27 NARA, PAC, RG407, Box 322, File 104.

28 See the Organizational Chart of US-CVP, NARA, PAC, RG407, Box 323, File 106–1.

29 Tan, , The Chinese in the Philippines, p. 90Google Scholar.

30 Feilubin huaqiao qingnian zhanshi tebie gongzhuo zongdui kangri xunnan lieshi jiniance (Martyrs of the Philippine Chinese Youth Wartime Special Services Corps, Commemorative Issue) (Manila, 1953), p. 5Google Scholar.

31 Blaker, J.R., “The Chinese in the Philippines: A Study of Power and Change” (Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University, 1970), p. 178Google Scholar.

32 Ibid.; Tan, , The Chinese in the Philippines, p. 90Google Scholar.

33 Feilubin huaqiao qingnian zhanshi, pp. 56Google Scholar; Huang Zhenwu , Huaqiao yu Zongguo geming (The Overseas Chinese and the Chinese Revolution) (Taibei, 1963), pp. 337–38Google Scholar.

34 Tan, , The Chinese in the Philippines, pp. 9192Google Scholar. However, this part of the history of the PCYWSSC was not corroborated in Feihua qingnian zhanshi tegong zongdui tongzhi hui (The Philippine Chinese Youth Wartime Special Services Corps Veterans Association), Zhongguo hun — Feilubin huaqiao qingnian zhanshi tebie gongzhuo zongdui dixia kangri gongzuo shi (Chinese Soul — A History of the Underground Anti-Japanese Activities of the Philippine Chinese Youth Wartime Special Services Corps) (Manila, 1990).

35 “Affidavit of Shih I-sheng”, p. 1, NARA, PAC, RG407, Box 323, File 106–1.

36 Vicente Lopez, “Historical Record of the US-Chinese Volunteers in the Philippines”, 15 Dec. 1945, NARA, PAC, RG407, Box 323, File 106–1. Nocete, Eduardo C., “The Chinese Hero of La Union” in Chinese Participation in Philippine Culture and Economy, ed. Liao, Shubert S.C., pp. 138–40Google Scholar.

37 Tan, , The Chinese in the Philippines, pp. 8486Google Scholar.

38 Liang Shangyuan, “Ping riben zhanling shiqi di feilubin huaren” (Review of The Chinese in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation), Huaqiao lishi (History of overseas Chinese) 1–2 (1986): 7173Google Scholar.

39 I-sheng, Shih, “A Summary Report on the Chinese Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines During the Recent War”, The Philippine-China Cultural Journal 2:1 (1948): 3436Google Scholar.

40 Headquarters, US Forces Western Pacific Guerrilla Affairs Branch, G-3 Contact Team “E”, “Investigation of CVP”, 24 Jan. 1946. NARA, PAC, RG407, Box 323, File 106–1.

41 The background of some of these members is revealed in the articles in remembrance of the martyrs. See 45th Anniversary of the Philippine Chinese Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Forces (Wha Chi), 1942–1987, pp. 6167Google Scholar.