Page 76 note 2. J.S.B.R.A.S. No. 1 p. 66. Pickering: Chinese Secret Societies. Sec also Purcell, V. The Chinese in Mahya (Oxford 1948)Google Scholar, for a general study.

Page 76 note 3. In the Straits the Thian Ti Hui was known later as the Ghee Hin Society.

Page 76 note 4. Journal, Indian Archipelago. Vol. 6. p. 550. “Concerning the Tan Tae Hoey in Singapore”. In this paper Abdullah Munshi claims to have witnessed the execution of a Chinese who had refused to join one of the secret societies.

Page 77 note 5. Buckley, C.B. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore . Singapore 1902. Vol. 1 p. 213.Google Scholar

Page 77 note 6. Singapore Daily Times. 26 Sept. 1871.

Page 78 note 7. Buckley Vol. II, p. 585—594.

Read, W.H. Play and Politics , London 1901, p. 95—104 Google Scholar.

Page 78 note 8. The Manners & Customs of the Chinese oi the Straits Settlements. (Singapore 1879). p. 108.

S.D.T. 7 March 1871.

According to the Census Report of 1871, the total Chinese population in Singapore was 54,572. By comparing this with the above figure, it means that about 75% of the Chinese community were members of these dangerous organisations.

Page 78 note 9. “An Ordinance to provide for the suppression of Dangerous Societies. No. XIX of 1869” of S.S. Govert. Gazette, dated 24 Dec. 1869.

Page 79 note 10. S.D.T. 17 Mar. 1871.

Under this system advances were made by coolie-brokers to those immigrants from China under his charge. Upon arrival the former sold the services of these sinkehs to prospective employers at a substantial profit. The prices demanded by the coolie-brokers depended on the demand for labour. Once an agreement had been reached the coolies were obliged to work for the employer at whatever wages he cared to fix until each of them had paid off the amount which the employer had paid for him. See also:

Blythe, W.L. A Historical Sketch ot Chinese Labour in Malaya. M.B.J.R.A.S. Vol. 20 1947 p. 69.

Page 79 note 11. Report on Kidnapping Sinkehs, by Pickering. Proceedings, Leg. Co., SS, 1877.

Page 79 note 12. Report of Commission to enquire into the Condition of Chinese Labourer 1876. P.L.C.S.S. p. CCXLIII 1876.

Page 80 note 1. Pickering, W.A.: Pioneering in Formosa. London, 1898, p. 5—8.

Bernard Nunn was wrong when he said that Pickering was wrecked and practically enslaved for some years in Formosa.

(Makepeace, Brooke, Braddell: One Hundred years of Singapore. London 1921. Vol. I. p. 99).

Page 82 note 2. Each cadet was expected to pass the lower standard in the language he was appointed to study within the prescribed period; viz: 2 years from the arrival in the Colony for Malay or 3 years for Chinese.

Page 83 note 1. G. to S.S. No. 25, 24 January 1878.

Page 83 note 2. G. to S.S. No. 99, 29 March 1877.

Page 83 note 3. G. to S.S. No. 300, 12 October 1877. In 1877 there were 22 licensed depots in Singapore.

Page 84 note 4. The junks from Hainan especially were over-crowded.

Vessels of from 60 to 80 tons were crowded with from 150 to 160 passengers. (A.R. on C.P. 1881).

Page 84 note 5. The Tanjong Pagar Dock Company, Messrs. Mansfield and Compaq, and the Agents for the P. & O., and Messrs. Jardine's Steamers.

Page 84 note 6. Ordinance No. 21 of 1896 “The Crimping Ordinance 1896” Section 8. Appendix H.

Page 85 note 7. Report of Commissioners appointed to Enquire into the State of Labour in the Straits Settlements and Protected Native States 1891. P.L.C.S.S. 1891 Appendix 37, p. 171.

Page 86 note 8. Ordinance No. 8 of 1891 “An Ordinance to regulate Chinese Labour on Agricultural Estates”.

Page 87 note 1. Census Report of S.S. 1871.

Page 87 note 2. In 1878, with the assistance of prominent Chinese, the Protector started the Poh Leung Kuk (Office for the Preservation of Virtue) where girls who were in need of protection could be housed.

Page 87 note 3. A.R. on C.P. 1878.

Page 87 note 4. This policy was maintained up to 1927, after which data no avowed prostitute was allowed to enter the country. (Purcell V. op. cit. p. 175).

Page 88 note 5. Ordinance No. 17 ot 1896 “An Ordinance to consolidate the Law relating to the Protection of Women and Girls”. Appendix J.

Page 88 note 6. G. to S.S. No. 116, 2 April, 1887.

Page 89 note 7. Temporary lodgers consisted of those who, on arrival from China after examination were suspected by trie Protector of concealing the truth and, pending inquiry, were sent there. Others were those owing to a dispute with one brothel keeper they wished to look for another house, or married women or concubines leaving their husbands temporarily or permanently, went there for lodging. (A.R. on C.P. 1896; Letter from Mr. Wray to CO. enclosed in C.O.D. No. 436, 28 December 1894).

Page 90 note 1. S.B.J.R.A.S. 1879, Vol. 3, p. 10. Pickering: “Chinese Secret Societies”, Part II.

Page 91 note 2. A.R. on C.P. 1878. Report of Police Commission 1878 P.L.C.S.S. 1879, cclxv.

This view is diametrically opposed to those Pickering expressed in an article published in the Fraser's Magazine for August 1876 entitled “The Chinese in the Straits of Malacca”, in which he says that the Dangerous Secret Societies Ordinance of 1869 was not effective and “the opinion of every respectable Chinese in the Straits Settlements is that the recognition of the Triad is a disgrace to our Government”.

Page 91 note 3. Ordinance No. 4 of 1882 “Dangerous Societies Ordinance”.

Page 92 note 4. A.R. on C.P. 1885.

Page 92 note 5. Report of Commissioners appointed to enquire into the question of Public Gamine and Public Lotteries in the Colony P.L.C.S.S. 1886, Appendix 45,. p. C659.

Page 92 note 6. Report on the S.S. Police Force 1883.

Page 93 note 7. A.R. on C.P. 1885.

Pickering gave the reason for this fear as due to the fact that these societies were known to the Mandarins as having for their object the overthrowing of the reigning dynasty of China and the Imperial Authorities in China were, it is said, in the habit of executing persons so deported as undesirables. (A.R. on C.P. 1877).

Page 93 note 8. A.R. on C.P. 1887.

Page 93 note 9. S.F.P. 2 May 1888.

Page 93 note 10. G. to S.S. No. 83, 27 February 1888; S.O.S. op. cit. p. 239—240.

The riots were due to a misunderstanding of the new Municipal Act which authorised the Municipality to clear all five-foot-ways of obstructions sufficiently for two persons to walk abreast. Municipal inspectors—under orders from the President, Dr. Rowell, issued in spite of the recommendation of the Commissioners to move slowly—started to clear the verandahs where the stallkeepers were roughly and forcibly turned away.

Page 94 note 11. Joint letter from Pickering and Major Dunlop dated 9 July 1888 enclosed in Governor's Despatch No. 347, 30 July 1888.

Page 94 note 12. Ordinance No. 1 of 1890 “Dangerous Societies Ordinance 1890”.

Page 95 note 13. A.R. on C.P. 1896. See also Straits Chinese Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 1897, p. 60—62. “Sir C.C. Smith and the Chinese Advisory Board" by a Straits-born Chinese.

Page 96 note 1. Purcell, V.: The Chinese in Malaya, p. 151.