Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2xdlg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-25T18:45:49.406Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Importance of State and Local Variation in Black–Brown Attitudes: How Latinos View Blacks and How Blacks Affect Their Views

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2019

Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga ,
Gabriel R. Sanchez  and
Matt Barreto
Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga
Affiliation:
University of New Mexico
Gabriel R. Sanchez*
Affiliation:
University of New Mexico
Matt Barreto
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Gabriel R. Sanchez, Department of Political Science, Social Sciences, University of New Mexico, Building #78, Rm 2059, 1915 Roma St NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131. E-mail: sanchezg@unm.edu
Get access

Abstract

This study explores Latino perceptions of commonality and competition with African Americans across the country, focusing on the South. Using the Latino National Survey (LNS), we test the existing inter-group relation theories using an original measurement approach. With the creation of relative measures of commonality and competition of Latinos toward Blacks, we find that Latinos perceive co-ethnics as a greater source of competition than Blacks when our relative measure is used to interpret Latino perceptions of competition with African Americans. Moreover, our results suggest that Latinos in the South have similar perceptions of commonality to Blacks as Latinos more generally, across both approaches that measure perceptions of commonality. Most importantly, we find that when the relative competition measure is employed, Latinos who live in Southern states do in fact have higher perceptions of competition with Blacks than Latinos at large. These trends provide a valuable addition to the extant literature focused on inter-group relations by emphasizing that not only place and context matter, but also the way perceptions of competition and commonality are measured and operationalized.

Keywords

Latino politicsrace relationspublic opinioninter-group relationsracial attitudescompetitioncommonality
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , March 2021 , pp. 214 - 252
Copyright
Copyright © The Race, Ethnicity, and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abascal, Maria. 2015. “Us and Them: Black-White Relations in the Wake of Hispanic Population Growth.” American Sociological Review 80 (4): 789–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, Gordon W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Luis, and Widener, Daniel. 2008. “A History of Black and Brown: Chicana/o-African American Cultural and Political Relations.” Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 33 (1): 143–54.Google Scholar
Banfield, Jillian C., and Dovidio, John F.. 2013. “Whites' Perceptions of Discrimination Against Blacks: The Influence of Common Identity.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49 (5): 833–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barreto, Matt, Gonzalez, Ben, and Sanchez, Gabriel R.. 2010. “Rainbow Coalition in the Golden State? Exposing Myths, Uncovering New Realities in Latino Attitudes Towards Blacks,” In Black and Brown Los Angeles: A Contemporary Reader, eds. Pulido, Laura and Kun, Josh. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 203–32.Google Scholar
Barreto, Matt A., Gonzalez, Benjamin F., and Sanchez, Gabriel R.. 2013. “An Examination of Inter-group Attitudes among Multiple Populations: The Role of Neighborhood Context and Group-Based Threat.” In Western Political Science Association Meeting, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Barrett, James R., and Roediger, David. 1997. “Inbetween Peoples: Race, Nationality and the New Immigrant Working Class.” In American Exceptionalism?, eds. Rick Hapern and Jonathan Morris. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 181–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blalock, Hubert M. 1960. “A Power Analysis of Racial Discrimination.” Social Forces 39 (1): 53–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blalock, Hubert M. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: Wiley Publishers.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence. 1988. “Group Conflict, Prejudice, and The Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes.” In Eliminating Racism, eds. Katz Phyllis and Dalmas A. Taylor. Boston, MA: Springer, 85–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Hutchings, Vincent. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context.” American Sociological Review 61 (6): 951–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Johnson, Devon. 2000. “Racial Attitudes in the Prismatic Metropolis: Identity, Stereotypes, and Perceived Group Competition in Los Angeles.” In Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles, eds. Bobo, L. D., Oliver, M. L., Johnson, J. H., and Valenzuela, A.. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 81–166.Google Scholar
Borjas, George J. 2001. Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and The American Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Branton, Regina, and Jones, Bradford. 2005. “Reexamining Racial Attitudes: The Conditional Relationship Between Diversity and Socio-Economic Environment.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (2): 359–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Christia Spears, and Chu, Hui. 2012. “Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Academic Outcomes of Mexican Immigrant Children: The Importance of School Context.” Child Development 83 (5): 1477–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burden, Barry C., and Kimball, David C.. 2002. Why Americans Split Their Tickets. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, Bruce, Citrin, Jack, and Wong, Cara. 2000. Ethnic Context, Race Relations, and California Politics. San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.Google Scholar
Caughey, Devin, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2016. “The Dynamics of State Policy Liberalism, 1936–2014.” American Journal of Political Science 60 (4): 899–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Zhijun, Zhu, Jing, and Zhou, Mingjian. 2015. “How Does a Servant Leader Fuel the Service Fire? A Multilevel Model of Servant Leadership, Individual Self Identity, Group Competition Climate, and Customer Service Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 100 (2): 511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, P. Niels, and Kerper, Sarah. 2013. “Rejection of Self or Others? Majority–Minority Status Moderates Responses to Strongly Identified Members of the Out-Group.” Self and Identity 12 (5): 548–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciscel, David H., Smith, Barbara Ellen, and Mendoza, Marcela. 2003. “Ghosts in the Global Machine: New Immigrants and the Redefinition of Work.” Journal of Economic Issues 37 (2): 333–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobb, James. 1993. The Selling of the South. 2nd ed. Champagne-Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Stuart W. 1963. “Desegregation: A Psychological Analysis.” In Readings in the Social Psychology of Education, eds. Charters, W. W. Jr., and Gage, N. L.. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 309–18.Google Scholar
Craig, Maureen A., and Richeson, Jennifer A.. 2012. “Coalition or Derogation? How Perceived Discrimination Influences Intraminority Intergroup Relations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (4): 759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cravey, A. J. 1997. “Latino Labor and Poultry Production in Rural North Carolina.” Southeast Geography 37 (2): 295–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, Scott, and Lambert, Thomas. 1997. “Anti-Hispanic and Anti-Asian Sentiments among African Americans.” Social Science Quarterly 78 (2): 338–53.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., and Wattenberg, Martin P. 2002. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Cadena, Marisol. 2001. “Reconstructing Race: Racism, Culture and Mestizaje in Latin America.” NACLA Report on the Americas 34 (6): 16–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Garza, Rodolfo O., Chris Garcia, F., Garcia, John, and Falcon, Angelo. 1992. Latino Voices. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Dulitzky, Ariel E. 2005. “A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America.” In Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos, eds. Dzidzienyo, Anani and Oboler, Suzanne. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, Timothy J., Maria Aragonez, Ana, and Shivers, George. 2005. “Recent Mexican Immigration in the Rural Delmarva Peninsula: Human Rights versus Citizenship Rights in a Local Context.” In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration to the United States, eds. Zúñiga, Victor and Hernández-León, Rubén. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 155–83.Google Scholar
Dyer, James, Vedlitz, Arnold, and Worchel, Stephen. 1989. “Social Distance among Racial and Ethnic Groups.” Social Science Quarterly 70 (3): 607–16.Google Scholar
Ellison, Christopher G., and Powers, Daniel A.. 1994. “The Contact Hypothesis and Racial Attitudes among Black Americans.” Social Science Quarterly 75 (2): 385–99.Google Scholar
Filindra, Alexandra. 2018. “Is ‘Threat’ in the Eye of the Researcher? Theory and Measurement in the Study of State-Level Immigration Policymaking.” Policy Studies Journal 47 (3).Google Scholar
Fletcher, Thomas D., Major, Debra A., and Davis, Donald D.. 2008. “The Interactive Relationship of Competitive Climate and Trait Competitiveness with Workplace Attitudes, Stress, and Performance.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 29 (7): 899–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisbie, W. Parker, and Niedert, Lisa J.. 1977. “Inequality and the Relative Size of Minority Populations: A Comparative Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (5): 1007–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frymer, Paul, Kim, Thomas P., and Bimes, Terri L.. 1997. “Party Elites, Ideological Voters, and Divided Party Government.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 22 (2): 195–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaertner, Samuel L., Rust, Mary C., Dovidio, John F., Bachman, Betty A., and Anastasio, Phyllis A.. 1994. “The Contact Hypothesis: The Role of a Common Ingroup Identity on Reducing Intergroup Bias.” Small Group Research 25 (2): 224–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, John A. 2016. Latino Politics in America: Community, Culture, and Interests. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
García Bedolla, Lisa. 2005. Fluid Borders Latino Power, Identity, and Politics in Los Angeles. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, Claudine. 2004. “Putting Race in Context: Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Black Racial Attitudes.” American Political Science Review 98 (4): 547–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, Claudine. 2006. “Seeing Difference: The Effect of Economic Disparity on Black Attitudes Toward Latinos.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (4): 982–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimpel, James G., and Morris, Frank. 2007. Immigration, Intergroup Conflict, and the Erosion of African-American Political Power in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies.Google Scholar
Glaser, James. 1994. “Back to the Black Belt: Racial Environment and White Racial Hostility in the South.” Journal of Politics 56 (1): 21–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasford, Demis E., and Calcagno, Justine. 2012. “The Conflict of Harmony: Intergroup Contact, Commonality and Political Solidarity Between Minority Groups.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (1): 323–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guimaraes, Antonio Sergio. 2001. “Race, Class, and Color: Behind Brazil's ‘Racial Democracy’.” NACLA Report on the Americas 34 (6): 38–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackenberg, R. A., and Kukulka, G.. 1995. “Industries, Immigrants, and Illness in the New Midwest.” In Any Way You Cut It: Meat Processing and Small-Town America, eds. Stull, D. D., Broadway, M. J., Griffith, D.. Lawrence: Univ. Kansas Press, 187–211.Google Scholar
Hamermesh, Daniel S., and Bean, Frank D.. 1998. Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Hanchard, Michael G. 1994. Orpheus and Power: The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 1945–1988. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hero, Rodney E., and Tolbert, Caroline J.. 1996. “A Racial/Ethnic Diversity Interpretation of Politics and Policy in the States of the US.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (3): 851–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Shields, Todd. 2008. “Southern Discomfort? Regional Differences in Voter Decision Making in the 2000 Presidential Election.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 38 (3): 506–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoalst-Pullen, Nancy, Slinger-Friedman, Vanessa, Trendell, Harold R., and Patterson, Mark W.. 2013. “Spatial and Temporal Patterns of an Ethnic Economy in a Suburban Landscape of the Nuevo South.” Southeastern Geographer 53 (3): 310–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Mary R., and Crane, Marie. 1986. “Some of My Best Friends Are Black: Interracial Friendships and Whites’ Racial Attitudes.” Public Option Quarterly 50 (4): 459–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, James. 2003. Welfare Reform and the Revitalization of Inner City Neighborhoods. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, James H. Jr., Farrell, Walter C. Jr., and Guinn, Chandra. 1997. “Immigration Reform and the Browning of America: Tensions, Conflicts and Community Instability in Metropolitan Los Angeles.” International Migration Review 31 (4): 1055–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, James H, and Kasarda, John D.. 2009. “Hispanic Newcomers to North Carolina: Demographic Characteristics and Economic Impact.” In Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South, eds. Odem, Mary E. and Lacy, Elaine. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 70–90.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael. 2001. “Institutional and Contextual Factors in Immigrant Naturalization and Voting”. Citizenship Studies 5 (1): 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael, and Leal, David L.. 1996. “Becoming ‘Hispanic’: Secondary Panethnic Identification among Latin American-origin Populations in the United States.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 18 (2): 214–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandel, William, and Parrado, Emilio A.. 2004. “Hispanics in the American South and the Transformation of the Poultry Industry.” In Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America, ed. Arreola, Daniel D.. Austin: University of Texas Press, 255–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandel, William, and Parrado, Emilio. 2005. “Hispanic Population Growth, Age Structure, and Public School Response in New Immigrant Destinations.” In The New South: Latinos and the Transformation of Place, eds. Smith, H., Furuseth, O.. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 37–67.Google Scholar
Kasinitz, Philip, Mollenkopf, John, Waters, Mary, and Holdaway, Jennifer. 2008. Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age. New York and Cambridge, MA: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press, 300–41.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Karen M. 2003. “Cracks in the Rainbow: Group Commonality as a Basis for Latino and African-American Political Coalitions.” Political Research Quarterly 56 (2): 199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Key, Valdimer O., and Heard, Alexander. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Mendelberg, Tali. 1995. Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice among Desegregated Whites. The Journal of Politics 57 (2): 402–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochhar, Rakesh, Suro, Roberto, and Tafoya, Sonya. 2005. “The New Latino South: The Context and Consequences of Rapid Population Growth.” Pew Hispanic Center Report.Google Scholar
Kuklinski, James H., Cobb, Michael D., and Gilens, Martin. 1997. “Racial Attitudes and the ‘New South’.” Journal of Politics 59 (2): 323–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavariega-Monforti, Jessica, and Sanchez, Gabriel. 2010. “The Politics of Perception: An Investigation of the Presence and Sources of Perceptions of Internal Discrimination Among Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly 91 (1): 245–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Tené T., Cogburn, Courtney D., and Williams, David R.. 2015. “Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Health: Scientific Advances, Ongoing Controversies, and Emerging Issues.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 11 (1): 407–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieske, Joel. 1993. “Regional Subcultures of the United States.” The Journal of Politics 55 (4): 888–913.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen. 2005. “New Destinations and Immigration Incorporation.” Perspectives on Politics 3 (4): 781–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrow, Helen B. 2008. “Hispanic Immigration, Black Population Size, and Intergroup Relations in the Rural and Small-Town South.” In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, ed. Massey, D.. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications, 211–48.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen. 2009. “New Immigration Destinations and the American Colour Line.” Racial and Ethnic Studies 32 (6): 1037–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, Cid, and Rios, Victor M.. 2011. “Conflict, Cooperation, and Avoidance.” In Just Neighbors?: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States, eds. Telles, Edward E., Sawyer, Mark Q., and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 343–62.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., and Denton, Nancy A.. 1993. American Apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Masuoka, Natalie. 2006. “Together They Become One: Examining the Predictors of Panethnic Group Consciousness among Asian Americans and Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly 87 (5): 993–1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula D. 1993. “The Changing Dynamics of Urban Politics: Black and Hispanic Municipal Employment—Is There Competition?” Journal of Politics 55 (2): 399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula D. 2006. “Presidential Address. ‘Racial Intergroup Relations in a Set of Cities: A Twenty-Year Perspective’.” The Journal of Politics 68 (4): 757–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula. 2018. Can We All Get Along?: Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics. Routledge.Google Scholar
McClain, Paula D., and Karnig, Albert K.. 1990. “Black and Hispanic Socioeconomic and Political Competition.” The American Political Science Review 84 (2): 535–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula D., and Tauber, Steven C.. 2001. “Racial Minority Group Relations in a Multiracial Society.” In Governing American Cities: Immigrants and Inter-Ethnic Coalitions, Competition, and Conflict, ed. Jones-Correa, Michael. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 111–36.Google Scholar
McClain, Paula D., Carter, Niambi M., DeFrancesco Soto, Victoria M., Lyle, Monique L., Grynaviski, Jeffrey D., Nunnally, Shayla C., Scotto, Thomas J., Alan Kendrick, J., Lackey, Gerald F., and Davenport Cotton, Kendra. 2006. “Racial Distancing in a Southern City: Latino Immigrants' Views of Black Americans.” The Journal of Politics 68 (3), 571–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula D., Johnson Carew, Jessica D., Walton, Eugene Jr., and Watts, Candis S.. 2009. “Group Membership, Group Identity, and Group Consciousness: Measures of Racial Identity in American Politics?” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 471–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula D., Lyle, Monique L., Carter, Niambi M., DeFrancesco Soto, Victoria M., Lackey, Gerald F., Davenport Cotton, Kendra, Nunnally, Shayla C., Scotto, Thomas J., Grynaviski, Jeffrey D., and Kendrick, J. Alan. 2007. “Black Americans and Latino Immigrants in a Southern City: Friendly Neighbors or Economic Competitors?.” The Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4 (1): 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, Monica. 2011. “Black Attitudes and Hispanic Immigrants in South Carolina.” In Research on African-American and Latino Relations in the United States, eds. Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark, and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 242–63.Google Scholar
Meier, Kenneth J., McClain, Paula D., Polinard, J. L., and Wrinkle, Robert D.. 2004. “Divided or Together? Conflict and Cooperation Between African-Americans and Latinos.” Political Research Quarterly 57 (3): 399–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millard, A. V., and Chapa, J.. 2004. Apple Pie and Enchiladas: Latino Newcomers in the Rural Midwest. Austin: Univ. Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohl, Raymond A. 2003. “Globalization, Latinization, and the Nuevo New South.” Journal of American Ethnic History 22 (Summer): 31–66.Google Scholar
Morín, Jason, Gabriel, Sanchez, and Matt, Barreto. 2011. “Perceptions of Competition Between Latinos and Blacks: The Development of a Relative Measure of Inter-Group Competition.” In Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the U.S., eds. Edward Telles, Gaspar Rivera-Salgado and Mark Sawyer. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Morris, Irwin. 2000. “African American Voting on Proposition 187: Rethinking the Prevalence of Interminority Conflict”. Political Research Quarterly 53 (1): 77–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Arthur D., Blanchard, Colleen, and Hill, Jennifer A.. 2001. Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, Joane. 1995. “American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Politics and the Resurgence of Identity.” American Sociological Review 60 (6): 947–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nteta, Tatishe M., and Wallsten, Kevin J., 2012. “Preaching to the Choir? Religious Leaders and A merican Opinion on Immigration Reform.” Social Science Quarterly 93 (4): 891–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochoa, Gilda Laura. 2000. “Mexican Americans' Attitudes Toward and Interactions with Mexican Immigrants: A Qualitative Analysis of Conflict and Cooperation.” Social Science Quarterly 81 (1): 84–105.Google Scholar
Ochoa, Gilda L. 2004. Becoming Neighbors in a Mexican American Community Power, Conflict, and Solidarity. Austin: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odem, Mary E., and Elaine, Cantrell Lacy, eds. (2009) Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the US South. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, Eric, and Mendelberg, Tali. 2000. “Reconsidering the Environmental Determinants of White Racial Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (3): 574–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric, and Wong, Janelle. 2003. “Inter-group Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (4): 567–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olzak, Susan. 1990. “The Political Context of Competition: Lynching and Urban Racial Violence, 1882–1914.” Social Forces 69 (2): 395–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Outten, H. Robert, Giguère, Benjamin, Schmitt, Michael T., and Lalonde, Richard N.. 2010. “Racial Identity, Racial Context, and Ingroup Status: Implications for Attributions to Discrimination Among Black Canadians.” Journal of Black Psychology 36 (2): 172–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pachon, Harry, and DeSipio, Louis. 1994. New Americans by Choice: Political Perspectives of Latino Immigrants. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Pedroza, Juan M. 2018. “Deportation Discretion: Tiered Influence, Minority Threat, and ‘Secure Communities’ Deportations.” Policy Studies Journal 47 (3): DOI: 10.1111/psj.12300.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1998. “Intergroup Contact Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology 49 (1): 65–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Portes, Alejandro, and Rumbaut, Ruben G.. 1996. Immigrant America: A Portrait, 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Reich, Gary. 2018. “One Model Does Not Fit All: The Varied Politics of State Immigrant Policies, 2005–16.” Policy Studies Journal 47 (3).Google ScholarPubMed
Rich, Brian L., and Miranda, Marta. 2005. “The Sociopolitical Dynamics of Mexican Immigration in Lexington, Kentucky, 1977 to 2002: An Ambivalent Community Responds.” In New Destinations: Mexican Immigration to the United States, eds. Victor, Zúñiga and Rubén, HernándezLeón. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 187–219.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Nestor. 2012. “New Southern Neighbors: Latino Immigration and Prospects for Intergroup Relations Between African-Americans and Latinos in the South.” Latino Studies 10 (1), 18–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, Nestor, and Nuñez, Rogelio T.. 1986. “An Exploration of Factors that Contribute to Differentiation Between Chicanos and Indocumentados.” In Mexican Immigrants and Mexican Americans; An Evolving Relation, eds. Browning, Harley L. and de la Garza, Rodolfo O.. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 138–56.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Gabriel R. 2008. “Latino Group Consciousness and Perceptions of Commonality with African Americans.” Social Science Quarterly 89 (2): 428–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, Gabriel R., and Espinosa, Patricia Rodriguez. 2016. “Does the Race of the Discrimination Agent in Latinos’ Discrimination Experiences Influence Latino Group Identity?” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 2(4): 531–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidley, A. Dianne. 2003. “The Foreign-Born Population in the United States.” In Current Population Reports, March 2002, ed. Economics and Statistics Administration US Census Bureau. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, P20–539.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, Deborah Jill. 2005. Press One for English: Language Policy, Public Opinion, and American Identity. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sherif, Muzafer. 1954. Experimental Study of Positive and Negative Intergroup Attitudes Between Experimentally Produced Groups: Robbers Cave Study. Norman, OK: The University of Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Sigelman, Lee, Bledsoe, Timothy, and Combs, Michael. 1996. “Making Contact? Black, White Social Interaction in an Urban Setting.” American Journal of Sociology 101 (5): 1306–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigelman, Lee, and Welch, Susan. 1993. “The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes.” Social Forces 71 (3): 781–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Atiya Kai. 2003. “Latino Group Consciousness and Political Participation.” American Politics Research 31 (4): 361–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuesse, Angela. 2009. “Race, Migration, and Labor Control: Neoliberal Challenges to Organizing Mississippi's Poultry Workers.” In Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South, eds. Odem, Mary E. and Lacy, Elaine. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 91–111.Google Scholar
Suro, Roberto, and Singer, Audrey. 2002. “Latino Growth in Metropolitan America: Changing Patterns, New Locations.” Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and the Pew Hispanic Center.Google Scholar
Sweet, James H. 1997. “The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought.” The William and Mary Quarterly 54 (1): 143–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tatcho, Mindiola, Flores Niemann, Yolanda, and Rodriguez, Nestor. 2002. Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Marylee C. 1998. “How White Attitudes Vary with the Racial Composition of Local Populations: Numbers Count.” American Sociological Review 63 (4): 512–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark, and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar. 2011. Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Torres, Cruz C. 2000. “Emerging Latino Communities: A New Challenge for the Rural South.” The Southern Rural Development Center 12 (8): 1–8.Google Scholar
Uhlaner, Carole J. 1991. “Perceived Discrimination and Prejudice and the Coalition Prospects of Blacks, Latinos, and Asian Americans.” Racial and Ethnic Politics in California 4 (2): 339–71.Google Scholar
Uhlaner, Carole J., Cain, Bruce, and Kiewiet, Roderick. 1989. Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities in the 1980s. Political Behavior 11 (3), 195–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaca, Nicolas C. 2003. The Presumed Alliance: The Unspoken Conflict Between Latinos and Blacks and What It Means for America. New York: Rayo.Google Scholar
Valdez, Zulema. 2011. “Political Participation Among Latinos in the United States: The Effect of Group Identity and Consciousness.” Social Science Quarterly 92 (2): 466–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, Peter. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Wade, Peter. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press. University Press.Google Scholar
Wallsten, Kevin, and Nteta, Tatishe M.. 2011. “Elite Messages and Perceptions of Commonality.” In Just Neighbors?: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States, eds. Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark Q., and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 125–54.Google Scholar
Wallsten, Kevin, and Nteta, Tatishe M.. 2017. “Race, Partisanship, and Perceptions of Inter-Minority Commonality.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 5 (2): 298–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weise, Julie M. 2012. “Dispatches from the ‘Viejo’ New South: Historicizing Recent Latino Migrations.” Latino Studies 10 (1), 41–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan, and Sigelman, Lee. 2000. “Getting to Know You? Latino-Anglo Social.” Social Science Quarterly 81 (1): 67–83.Google Scholar
Welch, Susan, Sigelman, Lee, Bledsoe, Timothy, and Combs, Michael. 2001. Race and Place: Race Relations in an American City. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Betina Cutaia. 2014. “Perceptions of Commonality and Latino–Black, Latino–White Relations in a Multiethnic United States.” Political Research Quarterly 67 (4): 905–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Betina Cutaia. 2015. Partners or Rivals?: Power and Latino, Black, and White Relations in the Twenty-First Century. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, Betina Cutaia, and Earle, Emily. 2013. “Taking a New Perspective to Latino Racial Attitudes: Examining the Impact of Skin Tone on Latino Perceptions of Commonality with Whites and Blacks.” American Politics Research 41 (5): 783–818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Betina Cutaia, Garand, James C., and Dunaway, Johanna. 2015. “Skin Tone and Individuals’ Perceptions of Commonality and Competition with Other Racial and Ethnic Groups.” Race and Social Problems 7 (3): 181–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, David R., and Mohammed, Selina A.. 2013. “Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence.” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (8): 1152–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, David R., Yu, Yan, Jackson, James S., and Anderson, Norman B.. 1997. “Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-Economic Status, Stress and Discrimination.” Journal of Health Psychology (3): 335–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilner, Daniel M., Walkley, Rosabelle P., and Cook, Stuart W.. 1955. Human Relations in Interracial Housing. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Winant, Howard. 1992. “Rethinking Race in Brazil.” Journal of Latin American Studies 24 (1): 173–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winders, Jamie. 2011. “Re-Placing Southern Geographies? The Role of Latino Migration in Transforming the South, its Identities, and its Study.” Southeastern Geographer 51 (2): 342–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winders, Jamie, and Smith, Barbara E.. 2012. “Excepting/Accepting the South: New Geographies of Latino Migration, New Directions in Latino Studies.” Latino Studies 10 (1), 220–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Cara. 2007. “‘Little’ and ‘Big’ Pictures in Our Heads: Race, Local Context, and Innumeracy About Racial Groups in the United States.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 71 (3): 392–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Cara, Bowers, Jake, Tarah, William, and Simmons, Katherine D.. 2012. “Bringing the Person Back in: Boundaries, Perceptions and the Measurement of Racial Context.” Journal of Politics 74 (4): 1153–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Gerald. 1977. “Contextual Models of Electoral Behavior: The Southern Wallace Vote.” American Political Science Review 71 (2): 497–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Stephen C., Aron, Arthur, McLaughlin-Volpe, Tracy, and Ropp, Stacy. 1997. “The Extended Contact Effect: Knowledge of Cross-Group Friendships and Prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1): 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar