Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-rnj55 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-11T10:46:37.047Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Examining the relationship between perceived worry and self-efficacy in NSW department of education school counsellors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2022

Sara L. Donald*
Affiliation:
School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
Emma E. Walter
Affiliation:
School Counselling Service, NSW Department of Education, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Email: sara.donald@det.nsw.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between perceived worry and self-efficacy, with particular attention to job role in Australian school counsellors working in the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Education. Ninety-eight school counsellors (N = 98, Mage = 44.97, SDage = 10.89; 92% female) comprised the sample group, stratified across three job roles: Senior Psychologist Education, School Counsellor, and School Counselling in Training. Data collection tools were the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Psychologist and Counsellor Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were analysed using the Pearson product-moment correlation and a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). We found a weak negative association between perceived worry and self-efficacy of significance (p = .018). Findings demonstrated a significant effect (p < .001) of job role on the combined dependent variables although the effect was small. Examination of the between-subjects effects demonstrated that role had a significant effect for self-efficacy, but not for worry. Post-hoc analyses showed that individuals in roles of seniority reported higher self-efficacy and lower perceived worry when compared with counsellors in training. Future studies would likely benefit from a more comprehensive consideration of demographic data to ascertain other variables that may be contributing to levels of worry and self-efficacy.

Type
Original Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atli, A. (2020). Understanding the first year of novice school counsellors. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 30, 8293. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagrodia, P., & Bhatia, S. (2019). School Counsellor role: Perspectives from the field. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 7, 789794. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/school-counsellor-role-perspectives-field/docview/2617207222/se-2?accountid=10499 Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (2004). Swimming against the mainstream: The early years from chilly tributary to transformative mainstream. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 613630. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.001 Google ScholarPubMed
Bardhoshi, G., & Um, B. (2021). The effects of job demands and resources on school counselor burnout: Self-efficacy as a mediator. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99, 289301. https://doi.org.10.1002/jcad.12375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, H., Munro, J., Orlov, N., Morgenroth, E., Moser, J., Eysenck, M.W., & Allen, P. (2018). Worry is associated with inefficient functional activity and connectivity in prefrontal and cingulate cortices during emotional interference. Brain and Behaviour, 8, 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1137 Google ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R.L. (2005). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Borders, L.D. (2002). School counselling in the 21st century: Personal and professional reflections. Professional School Counseling, 5, 180185. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/school-counseling-21st-century-personal/docview/213331695/se-2?accountid=10499 Google Scholar
Borkovec, T.D., Ray, W.J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioural processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561576. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018790003416 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkovec, T.D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J.A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research Therapy, 20, 916. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bredemeier, K., & Berenbaum, H. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty and perceived threat. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 2838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, M. (2020). Editorial. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 30, 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.10 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, M., & Colmar, S. (2014). Current status and future trends of school counseling in Australia. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 4, 181197. https://doi.org.10.18401/2014.4.2.9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2003). Pathological worry in depressed and anxious patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 533546. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00246-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christianson, C.L., & Everall, R.D. (2008). Constructing Bridges of Support: School Counsellors’ Experience of Student Suicide. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 42, 209221. https://cjc-rcc.ucalgary.ca/article/view/58854/44325 Google Scholar
Cleverley, K., Lenters, L., & McCann, E. (2020). ‘Objectively terrifying’: A qualitative study of youth’s experiences of transitions out of child and adolescent mental health services at age 18. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02516-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, C.L., Hampton, J., Farrell, J., & Davidson, S. (1992). Some characteristics of worrying: Evidence for worrying and anxiety as separate constructs. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 133147. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90036-O CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowling, S., & Doyle, L. (2017). Responding to self-harm in the school setting: The experience of guidance counsellors and teachers in Ireland. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 45, 583592. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1164297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagleson, C., Hayes, S., Mathews, A., Perman, G., & Hirsch, C.R. (2016). The power of positive thinking: Pathological worry is reduced by thought replacement in generalised anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 78, 1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.017 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, K.A. (2012). Self-efficacy, attachment, and school counselor service delivery (Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/self-efficacy-attachment-school-counselor-service/docview/963698641/se-2 Google Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fresco, D, M., Heimberg, R.G., Mennin, D.S., & Turk, C.L. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 313323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00113-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gana, K., Martin, B., & Canouet, M.-D. (2001). Worry and anxiety: Is there a causal relationship? Psychopathology, 34, 221229. https://doi.org/10.1159/000049314 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goreczny, A.J., Hamilton, D., Lubinski, L., & Pasquinelli, M. (2015). Exploration of counsellor self-efficacy across academic training. The Clinical Supervisor, 34, 7897. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2015.1012916 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greason, P.B., & Cashwell, C.S. (2009). Mindfulness and counselling self-efficacy: The mediating role of attention and empathy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 49, 218. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2009.tb00083.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, S., Hirsch., C.R., & Mathews, A. (2008). Restriction of working memory capacity during worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 712717. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012908 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, C.E., Roffman, M., Stahl, J., Friedman, S., Hummel, A., & Wallace, C. (2008). Helping skills training for undergraduates: Outcomes and predictions of outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 359370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.359 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, C.R., & Mathews, A. (2012). A cognitive model of pathological worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 636646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, R.Y. (2007). Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 277290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBM Corp. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Kozina, K., Grabovari, N., De Stefano, J., & Drapeau, M. (2010). Measuring changes in counsellor self-efficacy: Further validation and implications for training and supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 29, 117127. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2010.517483 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwak, D-H., Ma, X., & Kim, S. (2021). When does social desirability become a problem? Detention and reduction of social desirability bias in information systems research. Information & Management, 58, 103500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103500 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, L.M., & Daniels, J.A. (1998). Review of the counseling self-efficacy literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 179218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.Google Scholar
Lent, R.W., Cinamon, R.G., Bryan, N.A., Jezzi, M.M., Martin, H.M., & Lim, R. (2009). Perceived sources of change in trainees’ self-efficacy beliefs. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46, 317327. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017029 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T.J., Miller, M.L., Metzger, R.L., & Borkovec, T.D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mullen, P.R., & Lambie, G.W. (2016). The contribution of school counselors’ self-efficacy to their programmatic service delivery. Psychology in the Schools, 53, 306320. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21899 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paisley, P.O., & McMahon, G. (2001). School counselling for the 21st century: Challenges and opportunities. Professional School Counselling, 5, 106. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/school-counseling-21st-century-challenges/docview/62183379/se-2?accountid=10499 Google Scholar
Radeke, J.T., & Mahoney, M.J. (2000). Comparing the personal lives of psychotherapists and research psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31, 8284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.1.82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, A., Haring, S.H., Levin, J.R., Patall, E.A., & Robinson, D.H. (2013). Models of not-so-good behaviour: Yet another way to squeeze causality and recommendations for practice out of correlational data. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 241247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030368 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D.H., Levin, J.R., Schraw, G., Patall, E.A., & Hunt, E.B. (2013). On going (way) beyond one’s data: A proposal to restrict recommendations for practice in primary educational research journals. Educational Psychology Review, 25, 291302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiele, B.E., Weist, M.D., Youngstrom, E.A., Stephan, S.H., & Lever, N.A. (2014). Counseling self-efficacy, quality of services and knowledge of evidence-based practices in school mental health. Professional Counselor, 4, 467480. https://doi.org/10.15241/bes.4.5.467 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sciberras, A., & Pilkington, L. (2018). The lived experience of psychologists working in mental health services: An exhausting and exasperating journey. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 49, 151158. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000184 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, R.N., & Sharma, R. (2004). Guidance and counselling in India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors.Google Scholar
Stokes, C., & Hirsch, C. (2010). Engaging in imagery versus verbal processing of worry: Impact on negative intrusions in high worriers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 418423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suldo, S.M., Friedrich, A., & Michalowski, J. (2010). Personal and systems-level factors that limit and facilitate school psychologists’ involvement in school-based mental health services. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 354373. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20475 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, M., Addison, K.D., LaSure-Bryant, D., Norman, R., O’Connell, W., & Stewart-Sicking, J.A. (2004). Factors that influence self-efficacy of counselling students: An exploratory study. Counsellor Education and Supervision, 44, 7080. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2004.tb01861.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbani, S., Smith, M.R., Maddux, C.D., Smaby, M.H., Torres-Rivera, E., & Crews, J. (2002). Skills-based training and counselling self-efficacy. Counsellor Education and Supervision, 42, 92106. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01802.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Rijsoort, S., Emmelkamp, P., & Vervaeke, G. (1999). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: Structure, reliability and validity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 297307. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199910)6:4%3C297::AID-CPP206%3E3.0.CO;2-E 3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, H.M.G., Ehrich, J., Stewart, S.E., Snell, T., Bucich, M., Jacobs, N., Furlonger, B., & English, D. (2019). Development of the Psychologist and Counsellor Self-Efficacy Scale. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9, 485509. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-07-2018-0069 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wise, E.H., Hersh, M.A., & Gibson, C.M. (2012). Ethics, self-care and well-being for psychologists: Reenvisioning the Stress-Distress Continuum. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43, 487494. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029446 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yao, B., Sripada, R.K., Klumpp, H., Abenson, J.L., Muzik, M., Zhao, Z., Rosenblum, K., Briggs, H., Kaston, M., & Warren, R. (2016). Penn State Worry Questionnaire-10: A new tool for measurement-based care. Psychiatry Research, 239, 6267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.069 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zebb, B.J., & Beck, G.J. (1998). Worry versus anxiety: Is there really a difference? Behaviour Modification, 22, 4561. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01454455980221003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed