^{page 715 note 1} See Creevey, Lucy (Behrman), Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal (Cambrige, Mass., 1970);Google Scholar‘Muslim Politics and Development in Senegal’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 15, 2, 06 1977, pp. 261–77;Google Scholar‘Religion and Modernization in Senegal, 1960–1975’, in Esposito, John (ed.), Islam and Development: religion and socio-political change (Syracuse, 1980);Google Scholar and ‘Religious Beliel and Development in Dakar, Senegal’, in World Development (Oxford), 8, 7–8, 1980, pp. 503–12.Google Scholar

^{page 715 note 2} For demographic and economic information, see World Development Report, 1984 (New York, 1985), pp. 218–28 and 254–66 passim.Google Scholar

^{page 716 note 1} Ibid. p. 228.

^{page 716 note 2} Cf. Behrman, Creevey, op cit. and ‘The Islamization of the Wolof by the End of the Nineteenth Century’, in McCall, Daniel et al. (eds.), Western African History (New York, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 716 note 3} For more information about the organisation and development of brotherhoods in Senegal, see Gouilly, Alphonse, L'Islam dans I'Afrique occidentale francaise (Paris, 1952);Google ScholarMarty, Paul, Études sur l'Islam au Sénégal, Vols. I and II (Paris, 1927),Google Scholar and Les Mourides d'Amadou Bamba (Paris, 1913);Google ScholarFroelich, J. C., Les Musulmans d'Afrique noire (Paris, 1963);Google ScholarChailly, M. et al. , Notes et études sur l'Islam en Afrique noire (Paris, 1963);Google ScholarMonteil, Vincent, L'Islam noir (Paris, 1964);Google ScholarSy, Cheikh Tidjane, La Confrérie sénégalaise des Mourides (Paris, 1969);Google ScholarO'Brien, Donal B. Cruise, The Mourides of Senegal: the political and economic organization of an Islamic Brotherhood (Oxford, 1971),Google Scholar and Saints and Politicians: essays in the organization of a Senegalese peasant society (Cambridge, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 717 note 1} Creevy Behrman, op cit. p. 10.

^{page 717 note 2} Depont, Octave and Coppolani, Xavier, Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes (Algiers, 1897);Google Scholar and Montet, Edouard, Le Culte des saints musulmans dans l'Afrique du nord et plus specialement au Maroc (Geneva, 1909).Google Scholar

^{page 718 note 1} See Gellar, Sheldon, Senegal: an African nation between Islam and the West (Boulder, 1982), pp. 94–5.Google Scholar

^{page 718 note 2} For the political history of Senegal, see: Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa (Oxford, 1964);Google ScholarMorgenthau, Ruth Schachter and Behrman, Lucy Creevey, ‘French-Speaking Tropical Africa’, in Crowder, Michael (ed.), The Cambridge Histoiy of Africa, Vol. 8, From c. 1940 to c. 1975 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 611–73;Google ScholarFoltz, William, From French West Africa to the Mali Federation (New Haven, 1965);Google Scholar and Schumacher, Edward J., Politics, Bureaucracy and Rural Development in Senegal (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 718 note 3} The 1966 census listed 5,060 marabouts, but this may be a too conservative figure since according to Diop, Mahjmout, Histoire des classes sociales dans l'Afrique de l'ouest: le Sénégal (Paris, 1972), p. 254, there are as many as circa 43,000.Google Scholar

^{page 719 note 1} See Lucy Colvin, ‘Marabouts, Agriculture and the Environment’, University Research Foundation Report, Greenbelt, Maryland, Noveber 1983.

^{page 720 note 1} See the discussion of rural politics in John Waterbury, ‘Ménage à Quatre: the making of agrarian policy in Senegal’, American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., September 1984.

^{page 720 note 2} According to O'Brien, Donal B. Cruise, ‘Les Elections sénégalaises’, in Politique africaine (Paris), 11, 09 1983, the low turnout in the 1983 elections may have been due to the opposition of the marabouts to Diouf.Google Scholar

^{page 720 note 3} Creevey Behrman, ‘Religious Beliefs and Development in Dakar’, pp. 503–12.