^{Page 165 note 1} Segev, Shmuel, ‘Nahal–Hahatzlacha Hagddolah shel Haysraelim Beafrika’, in Ma'ariv (Tel Aviv), 29 11 1965Google Scholar (seventh in a series of 11 articles on Israel and Africa); see also Gutteridge, William, Military Institutions and Power in the New States (London, 1964).Google Scholar

^{Page 166 note 1} Mashav is the Hebrew acronym for the Department for International Co-operation (HaMachiakak Leshituf BenLeumi) of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

^{Page 167 note 1} Quoted by Bell, M. J. V., Military Assistance to Independent African States (London, 1964),Google Scholar Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper 15, p. 1.

^{Page 167 note 2} Coleman, James S. and Brice, Belmont Jr, ‘The Role of the Military in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Johnson, John J. (ed.), The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries (Princeton, 1962), p. 386.Google Scholar

^{Page 167 note 3} Bell, op. cit. p. I.

^{Page 167 note 4} Field interview; see also Ben Halpern, ‘The Role of the Military in Israel’, in Johnson, op. cit. p. 346.

^{Page 167 note 5} Lucian W. Pye, ‘Armies in the Process of Political Modernization’, ibid. ch. 3.

^{Page 167 note 6} loc. cit. p. 396.

^{Page 168 note 1} Sutton, John L. and Kemp, Geoffrey, Arms to Developing Countries (London, 1966),Google Scholar Institute for Strategic Studies, Adeiphi Paper 28, pp. 26–7. During the fiscal year 1963–4, sub-Sahara Africa spent $570 million on defence (this figure includes South Africa and Rhodesia, which spent approximately $241 million), and the total spent by developing nations came to $8, 000 million. A clear example of the military desire for increased expenditure and the political consequences of not complying with this was provided by the military coup d'etat in Togo. A few hours afterwards, the junta announced that one of the four main reasons for the coup was President Sylvanus Olympio's profound contempt for the military and ‘his refusal of suggested increases in the military budget’. See Polier, Jonathan W., ‘East Africa: Latin America revisited?’, in McWilliams, Wilson C. (ed.), Garrison and Governments: polities and the military in the new states (San Francisco, 1967), p. 275.Google Scholar

^{Page 168 note 2} J. Kirk Sale, ‘And Now Nkrumah: the generals and the future of Africa’, in McWilliams, op. cit. p. 297.

^{Page 169 note 1} Bell, op. cit. p. 4.

^{Page 169 note 2} Gutteridge, op. cit. pp. 48 and 51–2.

^{Page 169 note 3} See Halpern, op. cit. p. 349.

^{Page 170 note 1} See Sheanan, A., Seekum Hamagah im Hashiltonot Veim Haeegudim Hamikzoim: Doch Memasah Beafrika Doveret Zorfatit Beshlichut Hamachon, Mispar II, 4 11 1960, pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 170 note 2} Ma'ariv, 27 February 1966.

^{Page 170 note 3} Ibid. 28 February 1966.

^{Page 171 note 1} Ibid. 5 March 1966.

^{Page 171 note 2} Bell, op. cit. p. 4.

^{Page 172 note 1} The Jerusalem Post, 30 August 1963.

^{Page 172 note 2} Simchoni, Yehdit, ‘Kishrey Hahistadrut im Africa’, in Maichin, Ahuvia and Goldberg, Zeev (eds.), Yachasey Tsrael im Ha'aratzot Hamitpatchot (Beit Berle, 1963), p. 51.Google Scholar

^{Page 172 note 3} Ma'ariv, 27 February 1966.

^{Page 172 note 4} For some interesting distinctions between the results of foreign aid, see Wriggins, Howard, ‘Political Outcomes of Foreign Assistance: influence, involvement or intervention?’, in Journal of International Affairs (Montpeier, Vermont), xxii, 2, 1968.Google Scholar

^{Page 172 note 5} When General Ironsi received the new Israeli ambassador to Nigeria, Ram Nirgad, he was quoted as saying that ‘the most important thing is…non-intervention of foreign states in the internal affairs of other nations. Israel [he emphasised] exemplified its friendship to Nigeria–and not to the régime’ (Ma'ariv, 5 March 1966).

^{Page 173 note 1} Lecture given by Shmuel Aviad, Defence Department spokesman on military aid, at Beit Sokolov, Tel-Aviv, 4 February 1966.

^{Page 173 note 2} Bell, op. cit. addenda and errata, pt. I, 24 March 1965, p. 4.

^{Page 173 note 3} ‘The Uganda Army: nexus of power’, in Africa Report (Washington), 12 1966.Google Scholar

^{Page 174 note 1} On the Tanzanian revolt, see Africa Report, 01 1964, p. 19,Google Scholar and February 1964, pp. 22–3.

^{Page 174 note 2} Wriggins, op. cit. p. 230.

^{Page 174 note 3} Bell, op. cit. p. 4.

^{Page 175 note 1} Louchheim, Donald H., ‘Ethiopia's Little War is Hard to Hide’, in The Washington Post, 30 04 1967.Google Scholar

^{Page 176 note 1} Ethiopia has received more American military aid than all the African states combined. See Bell, op. cit. p. 10; Brown, Neville and Gutteridge, W. F., The African Military Balance (London, 1964),Google Scholar Institute for Strategic Studies, Adeiphi Paper 12, p. 6; and Africa Report January 1964.

^{Page 176 note 2} Bell, op. cit. addenda and errata, p. 2.

^{Page 177 note 1} In a study conducted by the author on the voting record of African states in the United Nations on the Arab—Israeli issue, the ‘index of agreement’ of 28 African states with Israel was measured. Ethiopia ranked 24th, one of the lowest, although she was among the five highest recipients of Israeli aid. See ‘The Political Outcomes of Foreign Aid: Israel's foreign aid program to Africa’; Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969, ch. 10Google Scholar.

^{Page 177 note 2} For reports of military aid from various sources to these three countries, see: The East African Standard (Nairobi), 6 June 1967 and 6 May 1968; The Daily Nation (Nairobi), 2 June 1964 and 16 January 1965; The Reporter (Nairobi), 29 January 1965; Le Monde (Paris), 5 09 1967Google Scholar; and Africa Report, February 1968.

^{Page 177 note 3} The East African Standard, 3 July 1964, reporting the Minister's speech in the Uganda National Assembly.

^{Page 178 note 1} Ibid.

^{Page 178 note 2} Ibid. 24 June 1964.

^{Page 178 note 3} It was reported in The New York Times, 28 January 1971, that the military coup in Uganda ousting President Obote was a total surprise to foreign observers and diplomats, with one major exception, namely, the Israelis. The American ambassador to Uganda had been out of the country at the time.

^{Page 178 note 4} Reported in Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv), II 11 1966.Google Scholar

^{Page 178 note 5} The East African Standard, 28 December 1964.

^{Page 178 note 6} Ibid.

^{Page 179 note 1} The Inspector-General of the Tanzanian Police, Elangwa Shaidi, gave similar reasons for the need for parachute police, in an interview reported in The Jerusalem Post, 23 December 1964.

^{Page 179 note 2} Ma'ariv, 3 March 1965.

^{Page 179 note 3} Schaar, Stuart H., ‘Patterns of Israeli Aid and Trade in East Africa, Part II’, American University Field Staff: East Africa Series (New York), VII, 2, 06 1968, p. 6.Google Scholar

^{Page 179 note 4} The figures were supplied to the author by the Israeli ambassador to Sierra Leone.

^{Page 180 note 1} Sierra Leone ranked 17th in my index of agreement with Israel; see footnote i, p. 177.

^{Page 181 note 1} Hurewitz, J C., ‘The Role of the Military in Society and Government in Israel’, in Fisher, Sydney N. (ed.), The Military in the Middle East (Columbus, Ohio, 1963), p. 96.Google Scholar

^{Page 182 note 1} The first such agreement was signed with the Ivory Coast in 1962; see Peulot Kesher Veseuya, Misrad Habitachon, Skeera Mispar 13, April–June 1962, p. 6. More detailed information on a similar project was given to the author by Colonel Ezra Ayalon, head of the Nahal mission in the Central African Republic.

^{Page 182 note 2} Schaar, op. cit. p. 2.

^{Page 182 note 3} The events in the Ivory Coast are described in Laufer, Leopold, Israel and the Developing Countries: new approaches to co-operation (New York, 1967), pp. 111–12.Google Scholar

^{Page 183 note 1} Dayan, Moshe, ‘Dilemmas of Technical Assistance’, in The Jerusalem Post, 12 11 1963.Google Scholar See also Israel's Programme of International Co-operation (Jerusalem, 1967), pp. 47–50.Google Scholar

^{Page 184 note 1} Schaar, op. cit. p. 3.

^{Page 184 note 2} For further discussion on the Nahal projects, see Israel's Programme of International Co-operation, pp. 23–32; Laufrer, op. cit. ch. 7; and Kreinin, Mordechai E., Israel and Africa: a study in technical co-operation (New York, 1964), ch. 7.Google Scholar

^{Page 184 note 3} ‘Ruvu National Service Activities Prove Success’, in The Nationalist (Dar es Salaam), 27 04 1966, pp. 2–3.Google Scholar

^{Page 184 note 4} Schaar, op. cit. p. 3.

^{Page 184 note 5} According to Schaar, op. cit. pp. 5–6: ‘In both Kenya and Tanzania it seems that the youth services have turned out to be inefficient and to have functioned more on the boyscout level than as a serious auxiliary of the armed forces and the development planners. In fact, a civil servant in Kenya recently claimed that the Ministry of Works could construct between four and five miles of tarmac road at about $20,000 per mile, while the N.Y.S. (National Youth Service) built between i and 17 miles of dirt road at more than double that cost. He suggested, rather critically, that the N.Y.S. should be removed from such projects as road building and instead be allowed to clear the bush. Under such conditions…they [the Israelis] have decided to bow out rather than get involved any deeper.’.

^{Page 185 note 1} The Jerusalem Post, 22 November 1963.

^{Page 185 note 2} Kreinin, op. cit. p. 102.

^{Page 185 note 3} Information given to the author by the head of the Nahal mission in Tanzania in 1966.

^{Page 185 note 4} Dayan, Moshe, ‘Learning How to Help’. West African Diary, The Jerusalem Post, 22 11 1963.Google Scholar

^{Page 186 note 1} The author is indebted to Zvi Gat of the Foreign Training Department of the Ministry of Agriculture for bringing these distinctions to his attention.

^{Page 186 note 2} Moshe Dayan describes the effect of this split in ‘Problems in the Cameroun’, in The Jerwalem Post, 29 November 1963.

^{Page 186 note 3} Moshe Dayan, ‘Problems of the Ivory Coast’, ibid. 3 December 1963.