Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T16:37:40.742Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Epidemics and intra-communal contestations: Ekeh, ‘les Guinéens’ and Ebola in West Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 November 2018

Ato Kwamena Onoma*
Affiliation:
Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop x Canal IV, P.O. Box 3304 Dakar, CP 18524, Senegal

Abstract

As the Ebola epidemic ravaged the Mano River Basin in 2014, there was concern in Senegal that the resident Peul community of Guinean origins will cause the spread of the disease to Senegal. These fears went unrealized as the Peul migrants embraced many of the epidemic control and prevention measures, which often distanced them from primordial publics in Guinea. While partly motivated by concern over the dangers of Ebola, Peul migrants embraced these measures also because the epidemic and measures advocated to curb it allowed them to assert greater autonomy in their often-fractious relations with primordial publics in their places of origin in Guinea. Their embrace of these measures suggests a rethink of the emphasis on intercommunal strife, intra-communal conviviality and trenchant state-society chasms, which pervades much work on the political economy of postcolonial Africa and which draws significant inspiration from the work of Peter Ekeh.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I thank Aissatou Sow and Serigne Cheikh Ka for their excellent work as research assistants on this project. I also thank the two anonymous reviewers of the Journal of Modern African Studies for their insightful remarks.

References

REFERENCES

Abdullah, I. & Rashid, I., eds. 2017. Understanding West Africa's Ebola epidemic: towards a political economy. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Adebanwi, W. 2016. ‘Africa's “two publics”: colonialism and governmentality’, Theory, Culture and Society 34, 4: 6587.Google Scholar
Adejumobi, S. 2001. ‘Citizenship, rights and the problem of conflicts and civil wars in Africa’, Human Rights Quarterly 23, 1: 148–70.Google Scholar
Ake, C. 1985. Political Economy of Nigeria. Lagos: Longman.Google Scholar
Arhinful, D.K. 2001. ‘We think of them: how Ghanaian migrants in Amsterdam assist relatives at home.’ Leiden: African Studies Centre, Research Report 62/2001.Google Scholar
Ba, M. 2014. ‘Vigilante “border guards” keeping Ebola out of Senegal’, <www.yahoo.com/news/vigilante-border-guards-keeping-ebola-senegal-115057030.html>, accessed 24.6.2017.,+accessed+24.6.2017.>Google Scholar
Bah, A., Keita, B. & Lootvoet, B.. 1989. ‘Les Guinéens de l‘extérieur: rentrer au pays?’, Politique Africaine 36: 2237.Google Scholar
Bangura, Y. 2014. ‘Specter of Ebola protectionism.’ <www.codesria.org/spip.php?article2220&lang=en>, accessed 6.5.2017.,+accessed+6.5.2017.>Google Scholar
Bayart, J.-F. 1993. The State in Africa: the politics of the belly. New York, NY: Longman.Google Scholar
Berman, B. 1998. ‘Ethnicity, patronage and the African state: the politics of uncivil nationalism’, African Affairs 97, 388: 305–41.Google Scholar
Berry, S. 1993. No Condition is Permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in Sub-Africa. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. 1989. ‘Beyond the state: civil society and associational life in Africa’, World Politics 41, 3: 407–30.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. 2007. ‘Beyond bare life: AIDS, (bio)politics and the Neoliberal order’, Public Culture 19, 1: 197219.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. 1985. ‘Medical knowledge and urban planning in tropical Africa’, American Historical Review 90, 3: 594613.Google Scholar
Curtis, J. 1995. Opportunity and Obligation in Nairobi: social networks and differentiation in the political economy of Kenya. Münster: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
de Bruijn, M., Nyamnjoh, F.B. & Brinkman, I., eds. 2009. ‘Introduction: mobile communications and new social spaces in Africa’, in Mobile phones: the new talking drums of everyday Africa. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG, 1122.Google Scholar
de Sardan, O. 1999. ‘A moral economy of corruption in Africa?’, Journal of Modern African Studies 37, 1: 2552.Google Scholar
Desclaux, A., Ndione, A.G., Badji, D. & Sow, K.. 2016. ‘La surveillance des personnes contacts pour Ébola : effets sociaux et enjeux éthiques au Sénégal’, Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 109: 296.Google Scholar
Dhillon, R. & Kelly, J.D.. 2015. ‘Community trust and the Ebola endgame’, New England Journal of Medicine 373: 787789.Google Scholar
Diallo, P. 2009. Les Guinéens de Dakar: migration et intégration en Afrique de l'Ouest. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Dietz, A.J., Mazzucato, V., Kabki, M. & Smith, L.. 2011. ‘Ghanaians in Amsterdam, their ‘good work back home’ and the importance of reciprocity’, Journal of Global Initiatives 6, 11: 132–43.Google Scholar
Echenberg, M. 2002. Black Death, White Medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914–1945. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Eichelberger, L. 2007. ‘SARS and New York's Chinatown: the politics of risk and blame during an epidemic of fear’, Social Science and Medicine 65, 6: 12841295.Google Scholar
Ekeh, P. 1975. ‘Colonialism and the two publics in Africa’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 17, 1: 91112.Google Scholar
Elbe, S. 2005. ‘Aids, security, biopolitics’, International Relations 19, 4: 403–19.Google Scholar
Englebert, P. 2002. ‘Born-again Buganda or the limits of traditional resurgence in Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 40, 3: 345–68.Google Scholar
Englund, H. 2004. ‘Cosmopolitanism and the devil in Malawi’, Ethnos 69, 3: 293316.Google Scholar
Erdmann, G. & Engel, U.. 2007. ‘Neopatrimonialism reconsidered: critical review and elaboration of an elusive concept’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, 1: 95119.Google Scholar
Fairhead, J. 2016. ‘Understanding social resistance to the Ebola response in the Forest Region of the Republic of Guinea: an anthropological perspective’, African Studies Review 59, 1: 731.Google Scholar
Fall, A.S. 1998. ‘Migrant's long-distance relationships and social networks in Dakar’, Environment and Urbanization 10, 1: 135–45.Google Scholar
Farmer, P. 2005. Pathologies of Power. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Faye, S.F. 2015. ‘L’«exceptionnalité» d'Ebola et les «réticences» populaires en Guinée-Conakry. Réflexions à partir d'une approche d'anthropologie symétrique’, Anthropologie et Santé 11.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1997. ‘The birth of biopolitics’, in Rabinow, P. & Faubion, J.D., eds. Ethics: subjectivity, and truth (essential works of Foucault, 1954–1984), New York, NY: New Press, 73–9.Google Scholar
Fowler, A. 1993. ‘Non-governmental organizations as agents of democratization: an African perspective’, Journal of International Development 5: 325–39.Google Scholar
Gale, L. 2007. ‘Bulgur marriages and “Big” women: Navigating relatedness in Guinean refugee camps’, Anthropological Quarterly 80: 355–78.Google Scholar
Garske, T., Cori, A., Ariyarajah, A., Bleake, I.M., Dorigatti, I., Eckmanns, T., Fraser, C., Hinsley, W., Jombart, T., Mills, H.L., Nedjati-Gilani, G., Newton, E. et al. 2017. ‘Heterogeneities in the case fatality ratio in the West African Ebola outbreak 2013–2016’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 372, 1721: 20160308.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: autochthony, citizenship and exclusion in Africa. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. 2014. ‘The funeral in the village: urbanites’ shifting imaginations of belonging, mobility, and community’, in Diouf, M. & Fredericks, R., eds. The Arts of Citizenship in African Cities: infrastructures and spaces of belonging. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 4966.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. & Gugler, J.. 1998. ‘The urban–rural connection: changing issues of belonging and identification’, Africa 68, 3: 309319.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. & Nyamnjoh, F.. 1998. ‘Witchcraft as an issue in the “politics of belonging”: democratization and urban migrants’ involvement with the home village’, African Studies Review 41, 3: 6991.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. & Nyamnjoh, F.. 2000. Capitalism and autochthony: the seesaw of mobility and belonging, in Public Culture 12, 2: 423–52.Google Scholar
Goerg, O. 1998. ‘From Hill Station (Freetown) to Downtown Conakry (First Ward): comparing French and British approaches to segregation in colonial cities at the beginning of the twentieth century’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 32, 1: 131.Google Scholar
Grillo, R. 1973. African Railwaymen: solidarity and opposition in an East African labour force. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Groelsema, R. 1998. ‘The dialectics of citizenship and ethnicity in Guinea’, Africa Today 45, 3/4: 411–21.Google Scholar
Hay, P. 2014. Negotiating Conviviality: the use of information and communication technologies by migrant members of the Bay Community Church in Cape Town. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.Google Scholar
Hickey, S. 2011. ‘Toward a progressive politics of belonging? Insights from a pastoralist “hometown” association’, Africa Today 57, 4: 2847.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. 1973. ‘Peasants and politics’, Journal of Peasant Studies 1, 1: 322.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, J. 1991. ‘Religion and political turbulence in Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 29, 1: 115–36.Google Scholar
IFRC. 2017. ‘IFRC statement on fraud in Ebola operations.’ <http://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/ifrc-statement-fraud-ebola-operations/>, accessed 5.3.2018.,+accessed+5.3.2018.>Google Scholar
Igwara, O. 2001. ‘Dominance and difference: rival visions of ethnicity in Nigeria’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, 1: 86103.Google Scholar
Iliffe, J. 1979. A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. 2006. ‘Sons of which soil? The language and politics of autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo’, African Studies Review 49, 2: 95123.Google Scholar
Joseph, R. 1997. ‘Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and theoretical perspectives’, Comparative Politics 29, 3: 363–82.Google Scholar
Ka, D., Fall, G., Diallo, V.C., Faye, O., Fortes, L.D., Faye, L.D., Bah, E.I., Diallo, K.M., Balique, F., Ndour, C.T., Seydi, M. & Sall, A.A., A.A., 2017. ‘Ebola virus imported from Guinea to Senegal, 2014’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 23, 6: 1026–8.Google Scholar
Kaplan, R. 1994. ‘The Coming Anarchy: how scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet.’ <https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/>, accessed 22.6.2018.,+accessed+22.6.2018.>Google Scholar
Kaplan, J. & Easton-Calabria, E.. 2015. ‘Military medical innovation and the Ebola response: a unique space for humanitarian civil-military engagement’. <https://odihpn.org/magazine/military-medical-innovation-and-the-ebola-response-a-unique-space-for-humanitarian-civil-military-engagement/>, accessed 5.3.2018.,+accessed+5.3.2018.>Google Scholar
Kibreab, G. 2004. ‘Pulling the wool over the eyes of the strangers: refugee deceit and trickery in institutionalized settings’, Journal of Refugee Studies 17: 126.Google Scholar
Laccino, L. 2014. ‘Ebola: African migrants are “Trojan horses of the virus” say Italian doctors.’ <www.ibtimes.co.uk/ebola-african-migrants-are-trojan-horses-virus-say-italian-doctors-1473474> accessed 27.2.2017.+accessed+27.2.2017.>Google Scholar
Langewiesche, K. 2003. Mobilité Religieuse: changements religieux au Burkina Faso. Munster: LIT-Verlag.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, G. 2003. ‘La ville africaine et ses immigrants: les Guinéens au Sénégal et à Dakar’, in Lesourd, M., ed. L'Afrique: Vulnérabilité et défis. Nantes: Éditions du Temps, 159198.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. 1992. ‘Political transition and the dilemma of civil society in Africa’, Journal of International Affairs 46, 1: 3154.Google Scholar
Lindley, A. 2007. ‘Remittances in fragile settings: a Somali case study’. HiCN Working Papers 27.Google Scholar
Lindley, A. 2009. ‘The early-morning phonecall: remittances from a refugee diaspora perspective’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35, 8: 1315–34.Google Scholar
Liu, P.L. & Leung, L.. 2017. ‘Migrant parenting and mobile phones use: building quality relationships between Chinese migrant workers and their left-behind children’, Applied Research in Quality of Life 12, 4: 925–46.Google Scholar
Lynch, G. 2006. ‘Negotiating ethnicity: identity politics in contemporary Kenya’, Review of African Political Economy 33, 107: 4965.Google Scholar
Madianou, M. & Miller, D.. 2011. ‘Mobile phone parenting: reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children’, New Media and Society 13, 3: 457–70.Google Scholar
Maimbo, S. & Ratha, D., eds. 2005. Remittances: development impact and future prospects. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. 2002. When Victims become Killers: colonialism, nativism and genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Markel, H. & Stern, A.. 2002. ‘The foreignness of germs: the persistent association of immigrants and disease in American society’, Milbank Quarterly 80, 4: 757–88.Google Scholar
Mason, K. 2012. ‘Mobile migrants, mobile germs: migration, contagion, and boundary-building in Shenzhen, China after SARS’, Medical Anthropology 31, 2: 113–31.Google Scholar
Mazzucato, V., Kabki, M. & Smith, L.. 2006. ‘Transnational migration and the economy of funerals: changing practices in Ghana’, Development and Change 37: 1047–72.Google Scholar
Mbembe, A. 2000. ‘Everything can be negotiated: ambiguities and challenges in a time of uncertainty’, in Berner, B. & Trulsson, P., eds. Manoeuvring in an Environment of Uncertainty: structural change and social action in sub-Saharan Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Mbembe, A. 2002. ‘African modes of self-writing’, Public Culture 14, 1: 239–73.Google Scholar
Mbembe, A. 2004. ‘Ways of seeing: beyond the new nativism. Introduction’, African Studies Review 22, 2: 114.Google Scholar
M'Bokolo, E. 1982. ‘Peste et société urbaine à Dakar: l’épidémie de 1914’, Cahiers d’Études Africaines 22, 85/86: 1346.Google Scholar
Monson, S. 2017. ‘Ebola as African: American media discourses of panic and otherization’, Africa Today 63, 3: 227.Google Scholar
Ndegwa, S. 1997. ‘Citizenship and ethnicity: an examination of two transition moments in Kenyan politics’, American Political Science Review 91, 3: 599616.Google Scholar
Neocosmos, M. 2010. From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: explaining xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa, citizenship and nationalism, identity and politics. Dakar: CODESRIA.Google Scholar
Ngalamulume, K. 2012. Colonial pathologies, environment, and Western medicine in Saint-Louis-du-Senegal, 1867–1920. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.Google Scholar
Niang, C. 2014. ‘Ebola: une épidémie postcoloniale’, Politique étrangère 4: 97109.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, F.B. 2001. ‘Delusions of development and the enrichment of witchcraft discourses in Cameroon’, in Moore, H.L. & Sanders, T., eds. Magical Interpretations, Material Realities: modernity, witchcraft and the occult in postcolonial Africa. London: Routledge, 2849.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, F. 2005. ‘Images of Nyongo amongst Bamenda grassfielders in whiteman kontri’, Citizenship Studies 9, 3: 241–69.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, F. 2013. ‘Fiction and reality of mobility in Africa’, Citizenship Studies 17, 6–7: 653–80.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, F. & Rowlands, M.. 1998. ‘Elite association and the politics of belonging in Cameroon’, Journal of International African Institute 68, 3: 320–37.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, H. 2013. Bridging Mobilities: ICTs appropriation by Cameroonians in South Africa and the Netherlands. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG.Google Scholar
Obadare, E. 2005. ‘Second thoughts on civil society: The state, civic associations and the antinomies of the public sphere in Africa’, Journal of Civil Society 1, 3: 267–81.Google Scholar
Onoma, A. 2010. The Politics of Property Rights Institutions in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Onoma, A. 2013. Anti-refugee Violence and African Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Onoma, A. 2016. ‘Rites of mobility and epidemic control: Ebola virus disease in the Mano River Basin’, Governance in Africa 3, 1: 122.Google Scholar
Onoma, A. 2017. ‘The making of dangerous communities: the “Peul-Fouta” in Ebola-weary Senegal’, Africa Spectrum 52, 2: 2951.Google Scholar
Onuoha, B. 2014. ‘Publishing postcolonial Africa: Nigeria and Ekeh's two publics a generation after’, Social Dynamics 40, 2: 322337.Google Scholar
Osaghae, E. 1994. Trends in Migrant Political Organization in Nigeria: The Igbo in Kano. Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa.Google Scholar
Osaghae, E. 1995. ‘Amoral politics and democratic instability in Africa: a theoretical exploration’, Nordic Journal of African Studies 4, 1: 6278.Google Scholar
Osaghae, E. 2006. ‘Colonialism and civil society in Africa: the perspective of Ekeh's two publics’, Voluntas 17, 3: 233245.Google Scholar
Osaghae, E. 2007. ‘Fragile states’, Development in Practice 17, 4/5: 691–9.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. 1983. ‘The invention of tradition in colonial Africa’, in Hobsbawm, E. & Ranger, T., eds. The Invention of Tradition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 211–62.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 2016. Ebola: how a people's science helped end an epidemic. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Scott, J. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shepler, S. 2017. ‘“We know who is eating the Ebola money!”: corruption, the state, and the Ebola response’, Anthropological Quarterly 90, 2: 451–73.Google Scholar
Smith, D. 2001. ‘Kinship and corruption in contemporary Nigeria’, Ethnos 66, 3: 344–64.Google Scholar
Smith, L. 2014. ‘“I am a Liberian, not a virus”: The stigma surrounding Ebola is as deadly as the disease’, www.ibtimes.co.uk/i-am-liberian-not-virus-stigma-surrounding-ebola-deadly-disease-1471325, accessed 27.2.2017.Google Scholar
Tabappsi, T. 1999. Le Modèle Migratoire Bamiléké (Cameroun) et sa Crise Actuelle: perspectives économique et culturelle. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Taiwo, O. 2010. How Colonialism pre-empted Modernity in Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Trager, L. 1998. ‘Home-town linkages and local development in south-western Nigeria: whose agenda? What impact?’, Africa 68, 3: 360–82.Google Scholar
Ukiwo, U. 2005. ‘The study of ethnicity in Nigeria’, Oxford Development Studies 33, 1: 723.Google Scholar
UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa). 2015. Socio-economic Impacts of Ebola on Africa. Addis Ababa: UNECA.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, B. 2012. Migrants and Strangers in an African City: exile, dignity, belonging. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2006. Global Economic Prospects. Economic implications of remittances and migration. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yamanis, T., Nolan, E. & Shepler, S.. 2016. ‘Fears and misperceptions of the Ebola response system during the 2014–2015 outbreak in Sierra Leone’, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, 10: e0005077.Google Scholar

Interviews

Interview 2, a Guinean migrant businessman, Pikine Tally Boumack, 14.2.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 3, a Senegalese professor of Guinean origin, Guediawaye, 17.2.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 8, a Senegalese businessman of Guinean origin, Pikine Nord, 13.3.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 14, a Senegalese NGO worker, Point E, 23.3.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 19, a young Guinean migrant shop owner, Guediawaye, 28.3.2016.Google Scholar
Interviews 20, a Senegalese NGO worker, Golf Sud, 29.3.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 21, a Senegalese university student of Guinean origins, 6.4.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 24, a Senegalese businessman of Guinean origin, Guediawaye, 20.5.2016.Google Scholar
Interviews 25, a Senegalese business woman of Guinean origin, Pikine, 22.5.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 26, a Guinean migrant businessman, Pikine, 22.5.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 27, a Senegalese businessman of Guinean origins, Guediawaye, 26.5.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 28, a Guinean migrant businesswoman, Parcelles Assainies, 29.5.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 29, a Guinean migrant businessman, Guediawaye, 30.5.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 32, Guinean migrant businessman, Pikine, 7.7.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 34, a Guinean migrant businesswoman, Guediawaye, 9.6.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 35, a Guinean migrant businessman, Grand Dakar, 10.6.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 37, a Senegalese businessman of Guinean origins, Pikine, 15.6.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 38, a Guinean migrant businessman, Thiaroye, 17.6.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 40, a Senegalese businessman of Guinean origins, Pikine, 19.6.2016.Google Scholar
Interview 41, a Senegalese businessman of Guinean origins, Pikine, 20.6.2016.Google Scholar