Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T00:00:44.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cost-affordable, high-performance Ti–TiB composite for selective laser melting additive manufacturing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 January 2020

Yangping Dong ,
Yulong Li ,
Thomas Ebel  and
Ming Yan
Yangping Dong
Affiliation:
Key Lab for Robot &Welding Automation of Jiangxi Province, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Key Lab for Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yulong Li*
Affiliation:
Key Lab for Robot &Welding Automation of Jiangxi Province, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
Thomas Ebel
Affiliation:
Institute of Material Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
Ming Yan*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Key Lab for Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: liyulong@ncu.edu.cn
b)e-mail: yanm@sustech.edu.cn
Get access

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys are probably the most suitable materials for selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing to process. However, the high cost of raw powder materials limits the industrial application of as-printed Ti products. In this study, we have formulated a cost-affordable Ti–TiB composite powder for SLM, to simultaneously achieve excellent mechanical performance and cost effectiveness. The optimization of the processing parameters will be shown to lead to high relative density (99.3%) for the as-printed Ti–TiB composites containing (0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) TiB2. Furthermore, by incorporating TiB2, the as-printed composites exhibit much improved fracture strength (up to 1813 MPa) and microhardness (up to 412 HV), among which the Ti–0.5 wt% TiB2 has demonstrated a great combination of strength (1007 and 1646 MPa as yield and fracture strengths, respectively) and tensile ductility (~8%). The solidification pathway for the Ti–TiB composite during SLM has been investigated, and the underlying mechanism for achieving high yield strength is discussed based on existing models for shear-lag strengthening, grain refinement, and dispersion strengthening.

Keywords

Ticompositeadditives
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 35 , Issue 15: Focus Issue: Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Complex Microstructures and Architecture Design , 14 August 2020 , pp. 1922 - 1935
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Zhang, L.C., Attar, H., Bönisch, M., Calin, M., Eckert, J., and Scudino, S.: Selective laser melting of in situ titanium–titanium boride composites: Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Acta Mater. 76, 13 (2014).Google Scholar
Lv, Z., Ren, X., and Hou, H.: Influence of direct rolling below β transus and annealing on microstructure and room temperature tensile properties of Ti–6Al–4V plates fabricated by electron-beam melting (EBM). J. Mater. Res. 30, 566 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, D. and Williams, J.C.: Perspectives on titanium science and technology. Acta Mater. 61, 844 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yetim, A.F., Celik, A., and Alsaran, A.: Improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy with duplex surface treatment. Surf. Coatings Technol. 205, 320 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, C., Radoslaw, C., Zhang, J., Yan, Q., Wen, S., Song, B., and Shi, Y.: In situ preparation and formation of TiB/Ti–6Al–4V nanocomposite via laser additive manufacturing: Microstructure evolution and tribological behavior. Powder Technol. 342, 73 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morsi, K. and Patel, V.V.: Processing and properties of titanium–titanium boride (TiBw) matrix composites—A review. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 2037 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tjong, S.C. and Mai, Y.W.: Processing–structure–property aspects of particulate- and whisker-reinforced titanium matrix composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 68, 583 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H., Chai, L., Wang, H., Chen, Z., Shi, G., Xiang, Z., and Jin, T.: Fabrication of TiB2/Al composite by melt-SHS process with different content of titanium powder. J. Mater. Res. 32, 2352 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravi Chandran, K.S. and Miracle, D.B.: Titanium-boron alloys and composites: Processing, properties, and applications. Jom 56, 32 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saito, T.: The automotive application of discontinuously reinforced TiB–Ti composites. JOM 56, 33 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, R., Collins, P.C., and Fraser, H.L.: Laser deposition of in situ Ti–TiB composites. Adv. Eng. Mater. 4, 847 (2002).3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shishkovsky, I., Kakovkina, N., and Sherbakov, V.: Graded layered titanium composite structures with TiB2 inclusions fabricated by selective laser melting. Compos. Struct. 169, 90 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, Y., Yan, C., Li, W., Wen, S., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Li, M., Zhou, Y., and Wei, Q.: Enhanced nanohardness and new insights into texture evolution and phase transformation of TiAl/TiB2 in situ metal matrix composites prepared via selective laser melting. Acta Mater. 136, 90 (2017).Google Scholar
Attar, H., Bönisch, M., Calin, M., Zhang, L.C., Zhuravleva, K., Funk, A., Scudino, S., Yang, C., and Eckert, J.: Comparative study of microstructures and mechanical properties of in situ Ti–TiB composites produced by selective laser melting, powder metallurgy, and casting technologies. J. Mater. Res. 29, 1941 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wysocki, B., Maj, P., Krawczyńska, A., Rożniatowski, K., Zdunek, J., Kurzydłowski, K.J., and Święszkowski, W.: Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation of CP titanium processed by selective laser melting (SLM). J. Mater. Process. Technol. 241, 13 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, D., Hagedorn, Y.C., Meiners, W., Meng, G., Batista, R.J.S., Wissenbach, K., and Poprawe, R.: Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium. Acta Mater. 60, 3849 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, D.W., Zhou, Y.H., Shen, J., Liu, Y., Li, D.F., Zhou, Q., Sha, G., Xu, P., Ebel, T., and Yan, M.: Selective laser melting under the reactive atmosphere: A convenient and efficient approach to fabricate ultrahigh strength commercially pure titanium without sacrificing ductility. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 762, 138078 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, Y., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Song, T., Zhou, Q., Sha, G., and Yan, M.: Ultra-low cost Ti powder for selective laser melting additive manufacturing and superior mechanical properties associated. Opto-Electronic Adv. 2, 18002801 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attar, H., Calin, M., Zhang, L.C., Scudino, S., and Eckert, J.: Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of commercially pure titanium. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 593, 170 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, A., Luis, C.J., and Puertas, I.: EDM machinability and surface roughness analysis of TiB2 using copper electrodes. J. Alloys Compd. 690, 337 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W. and Dupont, J.N.: In situ reactive processing of nickel aluminides by laser-engineered net shaping. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 34, 2633 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, D.D., Meiners, W., Wissenbach, K., and Poprawe, R.: Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: Materials, processes and mechanisms. Int. Mater. Rev. 57, 133 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elambasseril, J., Lu, S.L., Ning, Y.P., Liu, N., Wang, J., Brandt, M., Tang, H.P., and Qian, M.: 3D characterization of defects in deep-powder-bed manufactured Ti–6Al–4V and their influence on tensile properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 761, 138031 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debroy, T., Wei, H.L., Zuback, J.S., Mukherjee, T., Elmer, J.W., Milewski, J.O., Beese, A.M., Wilson-heid, A., De, A., and Zhang, W.: Additive manufacturing of metallic components—Process, structure and properties. Progress in Materials Science 92, 112 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillmann, W., Schaak, C., Nellesen, J., Schaper, M., Aydinöz, M.E., and Hoyer, K.: Hot isostatic pressing of IN718 components manufactured by selective laser melting. Addit. Manuf. 13, 93 (2017).Google Scholar
Panda, K.B. and Ravichandran, K.S.: Synthesis of ductile titanium–titanium boride (Ti–TiB) composites with a beta-titanium matrix: The nature of TiB formation and composite properties. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 34, 1371 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, J., Yu, H., Yin, J., Gao, M., Wang, Z., and Zeng, X.: Formation and control of martensite in Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Mater. Des. 108, 308 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozerov, M., Klimova, M., Vyazmin, A., Stepanov, N., and Zherebtsov, S.: Orientation relationship in a Ti/TiB metal-matrix composite. Mater. Lett. 186, 168 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, J., Kamiya, A., Yamada, T., Shi, W., and Naganuma, K.: Influence of boron addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of dental cast titanium alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 339, 53 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, N.K., Lee, C.H., Kim, J.H., and Hong, J.K.: Characteristics of powder-rolled and sintered sheets made from HDH Ti powders. Key Eng. Mater. 520, 281 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pineau, A., Amine Benzerga, A., and Pardoen, T.: Failure of metals III: Fracture and fatigue of nanostructured metallic materials. Acta Mater. 107, 508 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y.F., Yan, M., Luo, S.D., Schaffer, G.B., and Qian, M.: Modification of the α-Ti laths to near equiaxed α-Ti grains in as-sintered titanium and titanium alloys by a small addition of boron. J. Alloys Compd. 579, 553 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferri, O.M., Ebel, T., and Bormann, R.: The influence of a small boron addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V fabricated by metal injection moulding. Adv. Eng. Mater. 13, 436 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attar, H., Ehtemam-Haghighi, S., Kent, D., and Dargusch, M.S.: Recent developments and opportunities in additive manufacturing of titanium-based matrix composites: A review. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 133, 85 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kun, C., Beibei, H., Wenheng, W., and Cailin, Z.: The formation mechanism of TiC reinforcement and improved tensile strength in additive manufactured Ti matrix nanocomposite. Vacuum 143, 23 (2017).Google Scholar
Simonelli, M., Tse, Y.Y., and Tuck, C.: Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 616, 1 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munir, K.S., Zheng, Y., Zhang, D., Lin, J., Li, Y., and Wen, C.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced titanium matrix composites fabricated via spark plasma sintering. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 688, 505 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, X., Wang, L., Wang, M., Qin, J., Zhang, D., and Lu, W.: Effects of degree of deformation on the microstructure, mechanical properties and texture of hybrid-reinforced titanium matrix composites. Acta Mater. 60, 2656 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoo, S.J., Han, S.H., and Kim, W.J.: Strength and strain hardening of aluminum matrix composites with randomly dispersed nanometer-length fragmented carbon nanotubes. Scr. Mater. 68, 711 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Q., Viereckl, A., Rottmair, C.A., and Singer, R.F.: Improved processing of carbon nanotube/magnesium alloy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 1193 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuda, H. and Chou, T.W.: A probabilistic theory of the strength of short-fibre composites with variable fibre length and orientation. J. Mater. Sci. 17, 1003 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, E.O.: The deformation and ageing of mild steel: II characteristics of the Lüders deformation. Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B 64, 742 (1951).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Dong et al. supplementary material

Figures S1-S3 and Tables S1-S3

Download Dong et al. supplementary material(File)
File 622.4 KB