Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:43:11.713Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pursuing Health Equity: Zoning Codes and Public Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Montrece McNeill Ransom ,
Amelia Greiner ,
Chris Kochtitzky  and
Kristin S. Major
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Health equity can be defined as the absence of disadvantage to individuals and communities in health outcomes, access to health care, and quality of health care regardless of one’s race, gender, nationality, age, ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic status. Health equity concerns those disparities in public health that can be traced to unequal, systemic economic, and social conditions. Despite significant improvements in the health of the overall population, health inequities in America persist. Racial and ethnic minorities continue to experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality than non-minorities across a range of health issues. For example, African-American children with asthma have a seven times greater mortality rate than Non-Hispanic white children with the illness. While cancer is the second leading cause of death among all populations in the U.S., ethnic minorities are especially burdened with the disease.

Type
JLME Supplement
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 39 , Issue S1 , Spring 2011 , pp. 94 - 97
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

South Asian Health Project, “Definition of Health Equity,” available at <http://www.southasianhealth.org/healthequity.aspx> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
Unnatural Causes.org, What Is Health Equity: Excerpted from the Unnatural Causes Action Toolkit, available at <http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/assets/uploads/file/What_Is_Health_Equitypdf> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 1, 2008, A Strategic Framework for Improving Racial/Ethnic Minority Health and Eliminating Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities, Retrieved October 6, 2010, from Office of Minority Health, available at <http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/images/78/PrintFramework.html> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, “Asthma Data/Statistics,” October 4, 2010, available at <http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=533> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
Armour, B. S., Campbell, V. A., Crews, J. E., Richard, R. A., Malarcher, A., and Maurice, E., “State-Level Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Treatment Advice, by Disability Status, United States, 2004,” Preventing Chronic Disease 4, no. 4 (October 2007): A86, available at <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2099284/?tool=pubmed> (last visited December 15, 2010); U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Factsheet: Overweight and Obesity Among People with Disabilities (data drawn from the From the 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, available at <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/documents/obesityFact-sheet2010.pdf> (last visited December 15, 2010).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, Cancer Data/Statistics, September 9, 2010, available at <http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=20> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
Gerend, M. A. and Pai, M., “Social Determinants of Black-White Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality: A Review,” Cancer Epidemiology, Bookmarkers and Prevention (2008): 2913–2923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashe, M., Jernigan, D., Kline, R., and Galaz, R., “Land Use Planning and the Control of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Fast Food Restaurants,” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 9 (2003): 1404–1408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M. C., Page, P., and Popkin, B., “Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity,” Pediatrics 117 (2006): 417–424.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Difference in Prevalence of Obesity among Black, White, and Hispanic Adults-United States 2006–2008,” MMWR Weekly 58, no. 27 (2009): 740–744, available at <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5827a2.htm> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
See Gordon-Larsen, et al.., supra note 9, at 417.Google Scholar
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S 365 (1926); Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905).Google Scholar
Schilling, J., Creating a Regulatory Blueprint for Healthy Community Design: A Local Government Guide to Reforming Zoning and Land Development Codes, International City/County Management Association, Washington D.C., April 2005, available at http://icma.org/en/icma/knowledge_network/documents/kn/Document/2810/Creating_a_Regulatory_Blueprint_for_Healthy_Community_Design> (last visited December 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Schilling, J. and Linton, L. S., “The Public Health Roots of Zoning: In Search of Active Living's Legal Genealogy,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28, Supp. 2 (2005): 96–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corburn, J., “Confronting the Challenges in R15. econnecting Urban Planning and Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 4 (2004): 541–546.Google Scholar
See Ashe, et al., supra note 8.Google Scholar
Maantay, J., “Zoning Law, Health, and Environmental Justice: What's the Connection?” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 572–593; Power, G., “Advocates at Cross Purposes: The Briefs on Behalf of Zoning in the Supreme Court,” Journal of Supreme Court History 2 (1997): 79–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northridge, M. E., Sclar, E. D., and Biswas, P., “Sorting Out the Connections between the Built Environment and Health: A Conceptual Framework for Navigating Pathways and Planning Healthy Cities,” Journal of Urban Health 80, no. 4 (2003): 556–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltimore City Department of Planning, Introducing the Zoning Code Rewrite, 2008, available at <http://www.baltimorecity.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=KA_kDDajJWg%3d&tabid=391&mid=887> (last visited October 20, 2010).+(last+visited+October+20,+2010).>Google Scholar
City of Baltimore, Public Health Work Group Zoning Recommendations, November 17, 2008, available at <http://www.baltimorecity.gov/Government/AgenciesDepartments/Planning/TransformBaltimore/TheZoningCodeRewrite.aspx> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
Baltimore City Food Policy Task Force, “Using Zoning to Create Healthy Food Environments in Baltimore City,” December 2009, available at <http://www.baltimorecity.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=uJ8S8HOfXjg%3d&tabid=383> (last visited December 15, 2010).+(last+visited+December+15,+2010).>Google Scholar
Thornton, R., Fichtenberg, C., Greiner, A., Feingold, B., Ellen, J., and Jennings, J. et al., Zoning for a Healthy Baltimore: A Health Impact Assessment of the TransForm Baltimore Comprehensive Zoning Code Rewrite (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Center for Child and Community Health Research, August 2010), available at <http://www.hopkinsbayview.org/pediatrics/zoning> (last visited December 15, 2010).Google Scholar
City of Baltimore Department of Planning, “The NEW Baltimore City Draft Zoning Code - Background and Goals,” 2010, available at <http://www.rewritebaltimore.org/home_l_back-ground.html> (last visited October 20, 2010).+(last+visited+October+20,+2010).>Google Scholar
Arnold, C. A., Fair and Healthy Land Use: Environmental Justice and Planning, Planning Advisory Service Report Number 540/550 (Chicago: American Planning Association October 2007).Google Scholar
Greiner, A., “Challenges and Opportunities in Including Health in Zoning Rewrites: Implications for Health Equity and Governance,” Oral Presentation, Using Law, Policy, and Research to Improve the Public's Health: A National Conference, sponsored by the Public Health Law Association and the American Society for Law, Medicine & Ethics, in Atlanta, GA, September 14, 2010.Google Scholar