Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T21:36:19.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Law, Stigma, and Meaning: Implications for Obesity and HIV Prevention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Abstract

Public health law has focused primarily on combatting stigma through laws targeting discrimination based on attributes (de jure), when the reach of stigma extends far beyond mere appearances. By exploring the lived experience of stigmatized individuals, policy makers might more deeply understand public health problems, more appropriately create health policies, and more effectively promote positive health behaviors. Efforts to address stigma must focus on all aspects of stigma to be effective.

Type
Symposium Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Burris, S., “Stigma and the Law,” The Lancet 367, no. 9509 (2006): 529-531.Google Scholar
Yang, L. H., Kleinman, A., Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Lee, S., and Good, B., “Culture and Stigma: Adding Moral Experience to Stigma Theory,” Social Science and Medicine 64, no. 7 (2007): 1524-1535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Id., at 1525.Google Scholar
Goffman, E., Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963).Google Scholar
See Yang, supra note 2.Google Scholar
Link, B. G., and Phelan, J. C., “Conceptualizing Stigma,” Annual Review of Sociology 27(2001): 363-385, at 367.Google Scholar
Smith, R. A. and Hughes, D., “Infectious Disease Stigmas: Maladaptive in Modern Society,” Communication Studies 65 (2014): 132138; see Goffman, supra note 5; see Link, supra note 6.Google Scholar
See Link, supra note 6.Google Scholar
Foucault, M., Gordon, C., ed. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980): 79-108, at 107.Google Scholar
Foucault, M., “The Subject and Power,” Critical Inquiry 8, no. 4 (1982): 777-795, at 798.Google Scholar
Id., at 107.Google Scholar
Nighaoui, S. C., “The Color of Post-Ethnicity: The Civic Ideology and the Persistence of Anti-Black Racism,” Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 20, no. 2 (2017): 349.Google Scholar
Loury, G. C., The Anatomy of Racial Inequality, W E B Du Bois Lectures (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002): at 57.Google Scholar
Id., at 57.Google Scholar
Id., at 92-93.Google Scholar
See Goffman, , supra note 4, at 3.Google Scholar
Cassell, E. J., The Nature of Healing: The Modern Practice of Medicine (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013): at 175; Cassell, E. J., The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004): at 270.Google Scholar
Scully, J. L., “What is Disease? Disease, Disability, and Their Definitions,” EMBO Reports 5, no. 7 (2004): 650-653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burris, S., Ashe, M., Levin, D., Penn, M., and Larkin, M.. “A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law: The Emerging Practice of Legal Epidemiology,” Annual Review of Public Health 37 (2016): 135-148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burris, S., “Disease Stigma in U.S. Public Health Law,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002):179-190, at 182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Burris, , supra note 19, at 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Cassell, , supra note 17, at 88 – 107.Google Scholar
See Cassell, , supra note 17, at 270.Google Scholar
Harden, V. A., AIDS at 30: A History (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2012): at 23.Google Scholar
Crimp, D. and Bersani, L., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988): at 31.Google Scholar
See Harden, , supra note 24: at 23.Google Scholar
“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health, HIV Prevention in the Third Decade: Activities of CDC’s Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention,” April 16, 2014, available at <https://npin.cdc.gov/publication/hiv-prevention-thethird-decade-activities-cdcs-divisions-hivaids-prevention> (last visited September 20, 2017); see Harden, supra note 24.+(last+visited+September+20,+2017);+see+Harden,+supra+note+24.>Google Scholar
Elion, R. and Coleman, M., “The Preexposure Prophylaxis Revolution: From Clinical Trials to Routine Practice: Implementation View from the USA,” Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 11, no. 1 (2016): 67-73.Google Scholar
Marrazzo, J. M., del Rio, C., Holtgrave, D. R., Cohen, M. S., Kalichman, S. C., Mayer, K. H., Montaner, J. S., Wheeler, D. P., Grant, R. M., Grinsztejn, B., Kumarasamy, N., Shoptaw, S., Walensky, R. P., Dabis, F., Sugarman, J., Benson, C. A., and U.S. A. Panel International Antiviral Society, “HIV Prevention in Clinical Care Settings: 2014 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel,” JAMA 312, no. 4 (2014): 390-409.Google Scholar
See Elion, supra note 28.Google Scholar
Duran, D., “Truvada Whores?” Huffington Post, February 2, 2016, available at <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-duran/truvada-whores_b_2113588.html> (last visited December 10, 2017); Glazek, C., “Why is No One on the First Treatment to Prevent H.I.V.?” The New Yorker, Sept. 30, 2013; Glazek, C., “Why I Am a Truvada Whore,” Out, May 20, 2014.+(last+visited+December+10,+2017);+Glazek,+C.,+“Why+is+No+One+on+the+First+Treatment+to+Prevent+H.I.V.?”+The+New+Yorker,+Sept.+30,+2013;+Glazek,+C.,+“Why+I+Am+a+Truvada+Whore,”+Out,+May+20,+2014.>Google Scholar
Smit, P. J., Brady, M., Carter, M., Fernandes, R., Lamore, L., Meulbroek, M., Ohayon, M., Platteau, T., Rehberg, P., Rock-stroh, J. K., and Thompson, M., “HIV-Related Stigma Within Communities of Gay Men: A Literature Review,” AIDS Care 24, no. 4 (2012): 405-412.Google Scholar
Crimp, D., “De-Moralizing Representations of AIDS” in Crimp, D., ed. Melancholia and Moralism: Essays on AIDS and Queer Politics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002): 252-271 at 252.Google Scholar
Id., at 265.Google Scholar
Golub, S. A., ”Tensions Between the Epidemiology and Psychology of HIV Risk: Implications for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis,” AIDS and Behavior 18, no. 9 (2014): 1686-1693, at 1692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, K., and Golub, S. A., “Planning Ahead for Implementation of Long Acting HIV Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities,” Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 10, no. 4 (2015): 290-295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Burris, , supra note 20.Google Scholar
See Burris, , supra note 1.Google Scholar
Alexander, M. and West, C., The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Revised edition (New York: New Press, 2012): at 30-35.Google Scholar
Chang, I., The Chinese in America: A Narrative History (New York, NY: Viking Press, 2003): at 130 - 156.Google Scholar
Ogden, C., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., and Flegal, K. M., “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004,” JAMA, 295, no. 13 (2006): 1549–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Phelan, S. M., Nadglowski, J., and Kyle, T. K., “Overcoming Weight Bias in the Management of Patients With Diabetes and Obesity,” Clinical Diabetes 34, no. 1 (2016): 44-50.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M. and Suh, Y., “Health Consequences of Weight Stigma: Implications for Obesity Prevention and Treatment,” Current Obesity Reports 4, no. 2 (2015): 182-190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suh, Y., Puhl, R., Liu, S., and Milici, F. F., “Support for Laws to Prohibit Weight Discrimination in the United States: Public Attitudes from 2011 to 2013,” Obesity 22, no. 8 (2014): 1872-1879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., and van Ryn, M., “Impact of Weight Bias and Stigma on Quality of Care and Outcomes for Patients with Obesity,” Obesity Reviews 16, no. 4 (2015): 319-326.Google Scholar
Olson, K. I. and Emery, C. F., “Mindfulness and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review” Psychosomatic Medicine 77 (2015): 59-67; Brodesser-Akner, T., “Losing it in the Anti-Dieting Age” New York Times, Aug. 2, 2017, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/magazine/weight-watchers-oprah-losing-it-in-the-anti-dieting-age.html> (last visited Dec. 14, 2017).Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., and Dovidio, J. F., “Can Legislation Prohibiting Weight Discrimination Improve Psychological Well-Being? A Preliminary Investigation,” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, online publication date: Jan 25, 2017, available at <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/asap.12128/abstract> (last vistited Dec. 14, 2017).+(last+vistited+Dec.+14,+2017).>Google Scholar
Kyle, T. K., Dhurandhar, E. J., and Allison, D. B., “Regarding Obesity as a Disease: Evolving Policies and Their Implications,” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45, no. 3, (2016): 511-520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heymsfield, S. B. and Wadden, T. A., “Mechanisms, Patho-physiology, and Management of Obesity,” N Engl J Med 376, no. 3 (2017): 254-266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinall, J. B., “Distaste or Disability? Evaluating the Legal Framework for Protecting Obese Workers,” Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, 37, no. 1 (2016), 101-142.Google Scholar
8. Nesse, R. M., “On the Difficulty of Defining Disease: a Darwinian Perspective,” Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2001): 3746.Google Scholar
See Kyle, , supra note at 48.Google Scholar
Swinburn, B., Sacks, G., and Ravussin, E., “Increased Food Energy Supply is More than Sufficient to Explain the US Epidemic of Obesity,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 6 (2009): 1453–6.Google Scholar
Kushner, R. F., “Weight Loss Strategies for Treatment of Obesity,” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 56, no. 4 (2014): 465–72.Google Scholar
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, “Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults —The Evidence Report,” Obesity Research 6, Suppl 2 (1998): 51S-209S.Google Scholar
Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., Smith, B. K., and Medicine American College of Sports, “American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate Physical Activity Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 41, no. 2 (2009): 459-471; Jakicic, J. M., “The Effect of Physical Activity on Body Weight,” Obesity 17, Suppl 3 (2009): S34-S38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, E. J., Smiles, W., and Hawley, J. A., ”The Relationship Between Exercise, Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes,” Medicine and Sport Science 60 (2014): 1-10.Google Scholar
Olson, K., Bond, D., Wing, R. R., “Behavioral Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity,” Rhode Island Medical Journal 100, no. 3. (2017): 21-24.Google Scholar
See Puhl and Suh, supra note at 46Google Scholar
Pryor, K., Don’t Shoot the Dog! The New Art of Teaching and Training, Revised edition (New York: Bantam Books, 1999) at 1-35.Google Scholar
Miltenberger, R. G., Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures, 4th ed. (Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008). Morgan, P. L., “Increasing Task Engagement Using Preference or Choice-Making,” Remedial and Special Education 27 (2006): 176-187.Google Scholar