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Equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in Fasciola hepatica-infected mules

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2020

R. Mera y Sierra Open the ORCID record for R. Mera y Sierra [Opens in a new window] ,
G. Neira ,
M.D. Bargues Open the ORCID record for M.D. Bargues [Opens in a new window] ,
P.F. Cuervo Open the ORCID record for P.F. Cuervo [Opens in a new window] ,
P. Artigas Open the ORCID record for P. Artigas [Opens in a new window] ,
L. Logarzo ,
G. Cortiñas ,
D.E.J. Ibaceta ,
A. Lopez Garrido  and
E. Bisutti
...Show all authors
R. Mera y Sierra
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
G. Neira
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
M.D. Bargues*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
P.F. Cuervo
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, R.P. Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
P. Artigas
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
L. Logarzo
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
G. Cortiñas
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
D.E.J. Ibaceta
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
A. Lopez Garrido
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
E. Bisutti
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Avenida de Acceso Este – Lateral Sur 2245, S. José, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
S. Mas-Coma
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: M.D. Bargues, E-mail: m.d.bargues@uv.es
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Abstract

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes transmitted by freshwater lymnaeid snails. Donkey and horse reservoir roles have been highlighted in human endemic areas. Liver fluke infection in mules has received very limited research. Their role in disease transmission, epidemiological importance and Fasciola hepatica pathogenicity are studied for the first time. Prevalence was 39.5% in 81 mules from Aconcagua, and 24.4% in 127 from Uspallata, in high-altitude areas of Mendoza province, Argentina. A mean amount of 101,242 eggs/mule/day is estimated. Lymnaeids from Uspallata proved to belong to ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers ITS-1 and ITS-2 combined haplotype 3C of Galba truncatula. These lymnaeids were experimentally susceptible to infection by egg miracidia from mules. Infectivity, number of cercariae/snail and shedding period fit the enhanced F. hepatica/G. truncatula transmission pattern at very high altitude. This indicates that the mule is able to maintain the F. hepatica cycle independently. Individual burdens of 20 and 97 flukes were found. Mule infection susceptibility is intermediate between donkey and horse, although closer to the latter. Anatomo-pathology and histopathology indicate that massive infection may cause mule death. Haematological value decreases of red blood cells, haemoglobin, leucocytes and lymphocytes indicate anaemia and strong immunosuppression. Strongly increased biochemical marker values indicate liver function alterations. The mule probably played a role in the past exchanges with Chile and Bolivia through Mendoza province. Evidence suggests that mules could contribute to the spread of both F. hepatica and G. truncatula to human fascioliasis-endemic areas in these countries.

Keywords

Fasciola hepaticamulesequinesGalba truncatulaDNA sequencingdisease transmissionepidemiologypathogenicityArgentina
Type
Research Paper
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 94 , 2020 , e189
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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