Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-04T21:15:33.543Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols and definitions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2009

W.M. Hominick ,
B.R. Briscoe ,
F.G. del Pino ,
Jian Heng ,
D.J. Hunt ,
E. Kozodoy ,
Z. Mracek ,
K.B. Nguyen ,
A.P. Reid  and
S. Spiridonov
...Show all authors
W.M. Hominick
Affiliation:
International Institute of Parasitology, 395A Hatfield Road, St Albans, Herts, AL4 0XU, UK
B.R. Briscoe
Affiliation:
International Institute of Parasitology, 395A Hatfield Road, St Albans, Herts, AL4 0XU, UK
F.G. del Pino
Affiliation:
Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
Jian Heng
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological Control, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
D.J. Hunt
Affiliation:
International Institute of Parasitology, 395A Hatfield Road, St Albans, Herts, AL4 0XU, UK
E. Kozodoy
Affiliation:
Plant Protection and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Bet-Dagan, PO Box 78, 50250, Israel
Z. Mracek
Affiliation:
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
K.B. Nguyen
Affiliation:
Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville FL 32611-0620, USA
A.P. Reid
Affiliation:
International Institute of Parasitology, 395A Hatfield Road, St Albans, Herts, AL4 0XU, UK
S. Spiridonov
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 33, SU 117 071, Moscow, Russia
P. Stock
Affiliation:
Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8668, USA
D. Sturhan
Affiliation:
Biologische Bundesanstalt, Institut für Nematologie und Wirbeltierkunde, Toppheideweg 88, D-48161 Munster, Germany:
C. Waturu
Affiliation:
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Fibre Research Centre, PO Box 298, Kerugoya, Kenya:
M. Yoshida
Affiliation:
National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Nematology and Soil Zoology, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

COST Action 819: Entomopathogenic nematodes, supercedes Action 812: Cold active lines of insect parasitic nematodes in Agriculture and Biotechnology. It functions in the field of Agriculture and Biotechnology and began in July 1994 and will end in May, 1999. The main objective is to combine interrelated European expertise to increase the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in integrated pest management and to reduce the need for chemical control. Coordination of the Action is the responsibility of a management committee in accordance with a Memorandum of Understanding, which has been signed by representatives of 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. A research institute in Israel is also participating. Over 40 research institutions and 10 commercial companies participate in Action 819. The EU funding meets the costs related to coordination including the scientific secretariat, workshops, management committee and working group meetings, publications, short term scientific missions and evaluations.

Type
Keynote Paper
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 71 , Issue 4 , December 1997 , pp. 271 - 298
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Artyukhovsky, A.K. (1967) [Neoaplectana arenaria nov. sp. (Steinernematidae, Nematoda) inducing nematode disease in chafers of the Voronezh region]. Trudy Voroneszhskogo Gosudarstvennogo Zapovednika 15, 94–100 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Artyukhovsky, A.K., Kozodoi, E.M., Reid, A.P. & Spiridonov, S.E. (1997) Redescription of Steinernema arenarium (Artyukhovsky, 1967) topotypes from Central Russia and a proposal for S. anomalae (Kozodoi, 1984) as a junior synonym. Russian Journal of Nematology 5, 31–37.Google Scholar
Bovien, P. (1937) Some types of association between nematodes and insects. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, København 101, 1–114.Google Scholar
Cabanillas, H.E., Poinar, G.O. Jr. & Raulston, J.R. (1994) Steinernema riobravis sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Texas. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17, 123–131.Google Scholar
Chitwood, B.G. & Chitwood, M.B. (1937) An introduction to nematology. Monumental Printing Company, Baltimore, Maryland. 213 pp.Google Scholar
Cobb, N.A. (1917) Notes on nemas. Contributions to the Science of Nematology (Cobb), No. 5, 117–128.Google Scholar
Curran, J. (1989) Chromosome numbers of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species. Revue de Nématologie 12, 145–148.Google Scholar
Curran, J. & Driver, F. (1994) Molecular taxonomy of Heterorhabditis. pp. 41–48in Burnell, A.M., Ehlers, R.U. & Masson, J.P. (Eds) COST 812 Biotechnology: Genetics of entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes, Proceedings of Symposium & Workshop, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. European Commission, DG XII, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
de Doucet, M.M.A. (1986) A new species of Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from Cordoba, Argentina. Revue de Nématologie 9, 317–323.Google Scholar
de Doucet, M.M.A. & Doucet, M.E. (1990) Steinernema ritteri n. sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) with a key to the species of the genus. Nematologica 36, 257–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erlich, H.A., Gelfand, D.H. & Saiki, R.K.H.A. (1988) Specific DNA amplification. Nature 331, 461–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filipjev, I.N. (1934) Miscellanea Nematologica 1. Eine neue Art der Gattung Neoaplectana Steiner nebst Bermerkungen über die systematische Stellung der letzteren. Mag. Parasitol. Instit. Zool. Acad. USSR, 4, 229–240.Google Scholar
Gardner, S.L., Stock, S.P. & Kaya, H.K. (1994) A new species of Heterorhabditis from the Hawaiian islands. Journal of Parasitology 80, 100–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaser, R.W., McCoy, E.E. & Girth, H.B. (1942) The biology and culture of Neoaplectana chresima, a new nematode parasitic in insects. Journal of Parasitology 28, 122–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, D.J. (1986) Handling, fixing, staining and mounting nematodes. pp. 59–80in Southey, J.F. (Ed.) Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. London, HMSO.Google Scholar
Hoy, J.M. (1954) The biology and host range of Neoaplectana leucaniae, a new species of insect-parasitic nematode. Parasitology 44, 392–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, G.J. (1965) Differentiation of three species of Neoaplectana (Nematoda: Rhabditida), grown axenically. Parasitology 55, 571–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jian, H., Reid, A.P. & Hunt, D.J. (1997) Steinernema ceratophorum n. sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from north-east China. Systematic Parasitology 37, 115–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, S.A., Reid, A., Driver, F. & Curran, J. (1994a) Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to the identification of entomopathogenic nematodes. pp. 178–187in Burnell, A.M., Ehlers, R.U. & Masson, J.P. (Eds) COST 812 Biotechnology: Genetics of entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes, Proceedings of Symposium & Workshop, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. European Commission, DG XII, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
Joyce, S.A., Burnell, A.M. & Powers, T.O. (1994b) Characterisation of Heterorhabditis isolates by PCR amplification of segments of mtDNA and rDNA genes. Journal of Nematology 26, 260–270.Google ScholarPubMed
Kakuliya, G.A. & Veremchuk, G.V. (1965) [Neoaplectana georgica n. sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in Amphimallon solstitialis]. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 40, 713–718 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Khan, A., Brooks, W.M. & Hirschmann, H. (1976) Chromonema heliothidis n. gen., n. sp. (Steinernematidae, Nematoda), a parasite of Heliothis zeae (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera), and other insects. Journal of Nematology 8, 159–168.Google Scholar
Kirjanova, E.S. & Putschkova, L.V. (1955) [A new parasite of the beet weevil – Neoaplectana bothynoderi Kirjanova et Putschkova n. sp. (Nematoda)]. Trudi Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR 18, 53–62 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Kozodoi, E.M. (1984) [A new entomophagous nematode Neoaplectana anomali sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and its biology]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 63, 1605–1909 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Liu, J. (1992) Taxonomic study of the genus: Steinernema Travassos and Heterorhabditis Poinar. Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China, p. 318.Google Scholar
Liu, J. (1994) [A new species of the genus Heterorhabditis from China (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae)]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 19, 268–272 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Liu, J. & Berry, R.E. (1995) Differentiation of isolates in the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) by random amplified polymorphic DNA fragments and morphological characters. Parasitology 111, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J. & Berry, R.E. (1996a) Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Steinernema by morphological characters and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19, 463–469.Google Scholar
Liu, J. & Berry, R.E. (1996b) Steinernema oregonensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Oregon, USA. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19, 375–380.Google Scholar
Liu, J. & Berry, R.E. (1996c) Heterorhabditis marelatus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Oregon. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 67, 48–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loof, P.A.A. & Bakker, J. (1992) Authorities of specific names in, and transfers to, the nominal genus Globodera Skarbilovich, 1959. Nematologica 38, 385–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamiya, Y. (1988) Steinernema kushidai n. sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) associated with scarabaeid beetle larvae from Shizuoka, Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology 23, 313–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F. & Sambrook, J. (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 2nd edn, Cold Spring Harbor Publications.Google Scholar
Micoletzky, H. (1922) Die freilebenden Erd-Nematoden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Steiermark und der Bukowina, zuglich mit einer Revision sämtlicher nicht mariner, freilebender Nematoden in Form von Genus – Beschreibungen und Bestimmungsschlüsseln. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 87, 1–320 (p. 119).Google Scholar
Mracek, Z. (1994) Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, 1923) (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): redescription of its topotype from Westphalia. Folia Parasitologica 41, 59–64.Google Scholar
Mracek, Z. & Bednarek, A. (1992) Cuticular structures of J2 and J3 in Heterorhabditidae. Nematologica 38, 386–390.Google Scholar
Mracek, Z., Hernandez, E.A. & Boemare, N.E. (1994) Steinernema cubana sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the preliminary characterisation of its associated bacterium. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 64, 123–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1988) A new steinernematid nematode from Uruguay. Journal of Nematology 20, 651.Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1990) Steinernema scapterisci n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernema tidae). Journal of Nematology 22, 187–199.Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1992a) Steinernema neocurtillis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and a key to species of the genus Steinernema. Journal of Nematology 24, 463–477.Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1992b) Addendum to the morphology of Steinernema scapterisci. Journal of Nematology 24, 478–481.Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1993) Scanning electron microscope studies of Steinernema anomali Kozodoi, 1984. Journal of Nematology 25, 486–492.Google ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1994) Neosteinernema longicurvicauda n. gen., n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a parasite of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Koller). Journal of Nematology 26, 162–174.Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1995a) Morphometrics of infective juveniles of Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nemata: Rhabditida). Journal of Nematology 27, 206–212.Google ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1995b) Scanning electron microscope studies of Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Nematologica 41, 183–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1996) Identification of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nemata: Rhabditida). Journal of Nematology 28, 286–300.Google ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, K.B. & Smart, G.C. Jr. (1997) Scanning electron microscope studies of spicules and gubernacula of Steinernema spp. (Nemata: Steinernematidae) Nematologica (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, C. (1937) Rhabditis hambletoni n. sp., nema apparentemente semiparasito da 'bróca do algodoeiro' (Gasterocercodes brasiliensis). Archivo do Instituto Biologico 8, 215–230.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr. (1976) Description and biology of a new insect parasitic rhabditoid, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora n. gen. n. sp. (Rhabditida; Heterorhabditidae n. fam.). Nematologica 21, 463–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr. (1979) Nematodes for biological control of insects. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 227 pp.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr. (1985) Neoaplectana intermedia n. sp. (Steinernematidae: Nematoda) from South Carolina. Revue de Nématologie 8, 321–327.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr. (1988) Redescription of Neoaplectana affinis Bovien (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Revue de Nématologie 11, 143–147.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr. (1990) Taxonomy and biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. pp. 23–61in Gaugler, R. & Kaya, H.K. (Eds) Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr., Hansen, E.L., Yarwood, E.A. & Weiser, J. (1972) Clarification of the status of the DD-136 strain of Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser. Nematologica 18, 288–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr., Thomas, G.M. & Hess, R. (1977) Characteristics of the specific bacterium associated with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida). Nematologica 23, 96–102.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr., Jackson, T. & Klein, M. (1987) Heterorhabditis megidis sp. n. (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida), parasitic in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Scarabidae: Coleoptera), in Ohio. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 53, 53–59.Google Scholar
Poinar, G.O. Jr., Karunakar, G.K. & David, H. (1992) Heterorhabditis indicus n. sp. (Rhabditida, Nematoda) from India: separation of Heterorhabditis spp. by infective juveniles. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15, 467–472.Google Scholar
Reid, A.P. & Hominick, W.M. (1992) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the ribosomal DNA repeat unit of British entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Parasitology 105, 317–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, A.P. & Hominick, W.M. (1993) Cloning of the rDNA repeat unit from a British entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernematidae) and its potential for species identification. Parasitology 107, 529–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roman, J. & Figueroa, W. (1994) Steinernema puertoricensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 78, 167–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubstov, L.A. & Polevik, N.L. (1979) [First occurrence of Neoaplectana tabanivora (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) parasitic in gad flies]. Vestnik Zoologii 3, 16–19 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Saiki, R.K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K.B., Horn, G.T., Erlich, H.A. & Arnheim, N. (1985) Enzymatic amplification of b-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia. Science 230, 1350–1354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sander, H. & Stanuszek, S. (1972) Differentiation of nematode populations of the genus Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 (Nematoda; Rhabditoidea; Steinernematidae) into generations of 'giant' and small forms. 11th International Symposium of Nematology, European Society of Nematologists, Reading, UK, 3–8 September, 1972, p. 60 (abstract).Google Scholar
Seinhorst, J.W. (1959) A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica 4, 67–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seinhorst, J.W. (1966) Killing nematodes for taxonomic study with hot FA 4:1. Nematologica 12, 178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, C.P. & Wang, G.H. (1992) [Description of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema longicaudum sp. nov. and its application]. In: Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China, pp. 220–231 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Skrjabin, K.I., Shikhobalova, N.P. & Mozogovoi, A.A. (1951) [Descriptive catalogue of parasitic nematodes. Vol. 2. Oxyurata and Ascaridata]. Moscow, 631 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar
Sobolev, A.A. (1953) [To define more accurately the information on Rhabditata (superfamilies Rhabditoidea and Aphelenchoidea), parasitic in insects]. In: [Papers on helminthology presented to Academician K. I. Skryabin on his 75th birthday]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSR, pp. 676–684 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Stanuszek, S. (1974a) Neoaplectana feltiae complex (Nematoda: Rhabditoidea, Steinernematidae) its taxonomic position within the genus Neoaplectana and intraspecific structure. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepoiv Nauk Rolniczych 154, 331–360.Google Scholar
Stanuszek, S. (1974b) Neoaplectana feltiae pieridarum, n. ecotype (Nematoda: Rhabditoidea, Steinernematidae) –a parasite of Pieris brassicae L. and Mamestra brassicae L. in Poland, morphology and biology. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepoiv Nauk Rolniczych 154, 361–393.Google Scholar
Steiner, G. (1923) Aplectana kraussei n. sp., eine in der Blattwespe Lyda sp. parasitierende Nematodenform, nebst Bemerkungen über das Seitenorgan der parasitischen Nematoden. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung II 59, 14–18.Google Scholar
Steiner, G. (1929) Neoaplectana glaseri n. g. n. sp. (Oxyuridae), a new nemic parasite of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newm.). Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 19, 436–440.Google Scholar
Stock, S.P. (1993) A new species of the genus Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) parasitizing Graphognathus sp. larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Argentina. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 53, 103–107.Google Scholar
Stock, S.P. (1997) Heterorhabditis hepialius Stock, Strong & Gardner, 1996, a junior synonym of H. marelatus Liu & Berry, 1996 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) with a redescription of the species. Nematologica 43, in press.Google Scholar
Stock, S.P., Strong, D. & Gardner, S.L. (1996) Identification of Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) from California with a new species isolated from larvae of the ghost moth Hepialius californicus (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from the Bodega Bay Natural Reserve. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19, 585–592.Google Scholar
Stock, S.P., Choo, H.Y. & Kaya, H.K. (1997) An entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema monticolum sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Korea with a key to other species. Nematologica 43, 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallosi, B., Peters, A. & Ehlers, R.-U. (1995) Steinernema bicornutum sp. n. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) from Vojvodina, Yugoslavia. Russian Journal of Nematology 3, 71–80.Google Scholar
Travassos, L. (1927a) Sobre o genero Oxysomatium. Boletim Biologico Sao Paulo 5, 20–21.Google Scholar
Travassos, L. (1927b) Uma nova Capillaria parasita de peixes be agua doce: Capillaria sentinosa n. sp. Boletim Biologico, Sao Paulo 10, 215–217.Google Scholar
Travassos, L. (1932) Uma nova especie do genero Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 (Nematoda). Boletim Biologico, Sao Paulo 19, 150–154.Google Scholar
Turco, C.P. (1970) Neoaplectana hoptha sp. n. (Neoaplectanidae: Nematoda), a parasite of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 37, 119–121.Google Scholar
Turco, C.P., Thames, W.H. & Hopkins, S.H. (1971) On the taxonomic status and comparative morphology of species of the genus Neoaplectana Steiner (Neoaplectanidae: Nematoda). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 38, 68–79.Google Scholar
Veremchuk, G.V. (1966) [Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Neoaplectana, family Steinernematidae Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937. Tez. Doklady IX Mezdunar. Kongr. po Mikrobiologii, pp. 326–327.Google Scholar
Veremchuk, G.V. (1969) [New species of Neoaplectana (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), nematodes pathogenic to Elateridae]. Materialy Nauchnoi Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva Gel'mintologov, 1969, part I, 44–50 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Veremchuk, G.V. (1970) [A new species of Neoaplectana (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) pathogenic to insects]. Parazitologiya 3, 249–252 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Veremchuk, G.V. & Litvinchuk, L.N. (1971) [Nematodes of the genus Neoaplectana (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) parasites of the larch looper moth, Semiothisa pumila Kusn. (Lepidoptera; Geometridae)]. Novye I maloizvestnye vidy fauny Sibiri 4, 92–96 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Vrain, T.C., Wakarchuk, D.A., Levesque, A.C. & Hamilton, R.I. (1992) Intraspecific rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the Xiphinema americanum group. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15, 563–574.Google Scholar
Waturu, C.N., Hunt, D.J. & Reid, A.P. (1997) Steinernema karii sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Kenya. International Journal of Nematology 7, 68–75.Google Scholar
Weiser, J. (1955) Neoaplectana carpocapsae n. sp. (Anguillulata, Steinernematinae), novy cizopasnik housenek obalece jablecneho, Carpocapsa pomonella L. Věstnik Československé Společnosti Zoologické 19, 44–52.Google Scholar
Weiser, J. (1958) Ein neuer Nematode als Parasit der Engerlinge des Maikäfers, Melolontha melolontha in der Tschechoslowakei. Transactions of the First International Conference of Insect Pathology and Biological Control, Prague, pp. 331–336.Google Scholar
Weiser, J. & Köhler, W. (1955) Neoaplectana janickii n. sp. novy cizopasnik larvy ploskohrbetky Acantholyda nemoralis Thorns, v Polsku. Roczniki Nauk Lesnych 11, 93–110.Google Scholar
Welsh, J. & McClelland, M. (1990) Fingerprinting genomes with PCR using arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Research 18, 7213–7218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafolski, J.A. & Tingey, S.V. (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research 18, 6351–6535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wouts, W.M. (1980) Biology, life cycle and redescription of Neoaplectana bibionis Bovien, 1937 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Nematology 12, 62–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Wouts, W.M., Mracek, Z., Gerdin, S. & Bedding, R.A. (1982) Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 a junior synonym of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Systematic Parasitology 4, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Z., Wang, G. & Li, X. (1991) [A new species of the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)]. Zoological Research 12, 17–20 (in Chinese).Google Scholar