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Using functional gains for effective sensor location in flow control: a reduced-order modelling approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2015

Imran Akhtar ,
Jeff Borggaard ,
John A. Burns ,
Haroon Imtiaz  and
Lizette Zietsman
Imran Akhtar*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Jeff Borggaard
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Mathematics MC0531, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
John A. Burns
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Mathematics MC0531, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Haroon Imtiaz
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Lizette Zietsman
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Mathematics MC0531, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
*
†Email addresses for correspondence: imran.akhtar@ceme.nust.edu.pk, akhtar@vt.edu
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Abstract

The problem of active feedback control of fluid flows falls into a class of problems in the area of distributed parameter control. Distributed parameter systems are typically defined by partial differential equations that model the time and spatial evolution of the process. We consider the problem of locating sensors for effective feedback control of a fluid flow problem described by the Navier–Stokes equations. In this setting, the state of the system is the velocity field $\boldsymbol{v}(t,x)$, and hence all feedback laws are a function of this velocity field or, in most practical settings, a function of sensor outputs. In many designs, the feedback control law can be represented as a linear function of the state defined by an integral operator with a kernel function called the functional gain. In this paper we show that these functional gains can be used to determine effective sensor placement in complex flow control applications. The approach is to choose measurements of the state that would provide good quadrature points for the integral operator. We provide a computational validation of this approach by controlling the vortex shedding in a two-dimensional cylinder flow using a pair of fluid actuators on the cylinder surface. This model is linearized about the mean flow and a feedback control is designed by pole placement. Distributed parameter control theory yields the existence and form of the functional gains which are used to locate sensors. In particular, we use the location of the supports of the functional gains to determine two sets of four sensor locations in the wake. One of these measurement sets coincides with large magnitudes of the gain and the other set coincides with small magnitudes. Numerical experiments with a reduced-order model confirm superior performance of the closed-loop (CL) system using the former sensor set. We also show that choosing sensor locations associated with small magnitudes of the functional gains actually destabilizes the CL system.

JFM classification

Flow Control: Flow Control Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Low-dimensional models Vortex Flows: Vortex shedding
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 781 , 25 October 2015 , pp. 622 - 656
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© 2015 Cambridge University Press 

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