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Negative skin friction during transition in a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate boundary layer and in pipe flows with slip and no-slip boundary conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2020

Xiaohua Wu Open the ORCID record for Xiaohua Wu [Opens in a new window] ,
Mike Cruickshank  and
Sina Ghaemi Open the ORCID record for Sina Ghaemi [Opens in a new window]
Xiaohua Wu*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
Mike Cruickshank
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
Sina Ghaemi
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
*
†Email address for correspondence: Xiaohua.Wu@rmc.ca
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Abstract

In searching for the mechanisms of boundary layer bypass transition, Schubauer & Klebanoff (NACA-TR-1289, 1956) conducted an extensive search for negative skin-friction events during the laminar-to-turbulent transition in a zero-pressure-gradient, smooth flat-plate boundary layer (ZPGSFPBL) under a wide range of free-stream turbulence intensity levels. They concluded that no evidence of incipient flow separation could be found in any part of the transition region. Although it has been known that extremely rare backflow events can occur in a fully turbulent ZPGSFPBL and in fully developed turbulent pipe flow, the Schubauer–Klebanoff conclusion regarding the total absence of negative skin friction in ZPGSFPBL transition has remained unchallenged over the past six decades. Here we report our discovery of negative skin-friction events during the bypass transition in an extensively researched representative ZPGSFPBL case, and in pipe flows with no-slip and slip boundary conditions under circumferential mode inlet disturbance, respectively. The peak probability of such events is located in the late stage of transition between the streamwise stations where the minimum and maximum mean skin friction are attained. The magnitude of the peak probability is substantially larger than the corresponding probability in the downstream fully turbulent region: in the case of no-slip pipe flow, the difference is two orders of magnitude and is primarily due to an enhanced number density of the backflow events coupled with a notable increase in the wall footprint size of such events. For both the boundary layer and pipe flows considered here, and in both the transitional and fully turbulent regions, the incipient negative skin friction is found, through instantaneous flow visualization and conditional averaging, to be induced by the head element of a reverse hairpin vortex.

JFM classification

Boundary Layers: Pipe flow boundary layer Turbulent Flows: Turbulence simulation
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 887 , 25 March 2020 , A26
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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