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Characterization of instability mechanisms on sharp and blunt slender cones at Mach 6

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2022

Richard E. Kennedy Open the ORCID record for Richard E. Kennedy [Opens in a new window] ,
Joseph S. Jewell Open the ORCID record for Joseph S. Jewell [Opens in a new window] ,
Pedro Paredes Open the ORCID record for Pedro Paredes [Opens in a new window]  and
Stuart J. Laurence Open the ORCID record for Stuart J. Laurence [Opens in a new window]
Richard E. Kennedy*
Affiliation:
BAE Systems Inc., Durham, NC 27703, USA
Joseph S. Jewell
Affiliation:
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Pedro Paredes
Affiliation:
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
Stuart J. Laurence
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: rkenn@umd.edu
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Abstract

Experiments are performed to investigate the effect of nose-tip bluntness on the instability mechanisms leading to boundary-layer transition on a $7^{\circ }$ half-angle cone in a Mach-6 free stream. The development of disturbances is characterized using a combination of high-speed calibrated schlieren images and pressure measurements, and the data are compared with results computed using the parabolized stability equations. The approximately 414 mm long cone model is equipped with an interchangeable nose tip ranging from sharp to 5.08 mm in radius. For nose tips with a radius $R_{N}<2.54\ {\rm mm}$, second-mode instability waves are the dominant mechanism leading to transition. Time-averaged frequency spectra computed from the calibrated schlieren visualizations and pressure measurements are used to compute the second-mode most-amplified frequencies and integrated amplification rates ($N$ factors). Good agreement is observed between the measurements and computations in the linear-growth regime for the sharp-nose configuration at each free-stream condition. Additionally, a bispectral analysis identifies quadratic phase locking of frequency content responsible for the growth of higher harmonics. For nose tips of $R_{N}\geqslant 2.54\ {\rm mm}$, the schlieren visualization region is upstream of the entropy-layer swallowing length, and second-mode waves are no longer visible within the boundary layer; instead, elongated, steeply inclined features believed to be associated with non-modal instability mechanisms develop between the entropy-layer and boundary-layer edges. Simultaneously acquired surface pressure measurements reveal high-frequency pressure oscillations similar to second-mode instability waves associated with the trailing edge of these non-modal features.

JFM classification

Boundary Layers: Boundary layer stability Compressible Flows: Hypersonic Flow Instability: Transition to turbulence
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 936 , 10 April 2022 , A39
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

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