There are two principal indications for tonsillectomies or ablation of palatal tonsillar tissue: repeated episodes of tonsillitis (at least 5 times per year in two successive years) and obstructive tonsillar tissue as well as another, more rare, indication, highly asymmetrical blocs of tonsillar tissue that may suggest presence of a lymphoma. When tonsils are obstructive in patients suffering from sleep apnea, the indication for excision is formal and requires prompt attention. In other cases of enlarged tonsils the indication for surgery can be discussed but practitioners must inform parents of the possible maxillofacial complications that may develop because of chronic pharyngeal blockage.

Surgeons perform tonsillectomies on children under general anesthesia, protecting the lower airways by intubation. Post-operative pain after surgery is constant and practitioners must be prepared to manage it in conformity with the age of patients and the difficulties they have in swallowing.

A gummy smile is one in which excessive amounts of gingival tissue are revealed as individuals begin to laugh or when they show their teeth in a smile.

In addition to cosmetic methods of concealing this condition, a variety of orthodontic and surgical procedures can, independently or in conjunction, modify the structural elements that constitute a gummy smile.

Nevertheless marked gummy smiles are always characterized by specific dento-maxillary discrepancies, a global vertical maxillary excess or overdevelopment of the alveolar processes, the premaxilla and the proalveolus constituting excess anterior vertical dimension. For each of these instances, the author proposes therapeutic treatment plans and illustrates them with corresponding clinical cases.

Dental wear is deterioration as a result of use. It has existed since the beginning of mankind in all civilizations and cultures. It occurred routinely and intensely in early populations but was considered to be a physiological process. Ideas about dental wear are not as clear today because while it is less pronounced it sometimes appears in pathological patterns. Moreover, it is produced by many complex mechanisms acting in synchrony or sequentially, in synergy or additive, in patterns that often mask its true origins. In an effort to ameliorate the means of preventing and diagnosing dental wear and improving our understanding of its diverse manifestations, the primary objective of this article will be to present the principal mechanisms that produce it as well as their consequences. To organize our presentation we have adopted a tribological approach, focusing on the friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting surfaces.

The concept of the appliance we describe in this article is based on a number of technological advances. The brackets, created in accordance with CAD/CAM are the product of an original process that makes them resistant to de-bonding providing a high resistance to bracket loss. They are also compatible with the use of a veritable straight wire enabling the use of prefabricated standard wires. The manufacturing process uses a maximum of digitized resources to elaborate a numerical set-up usable by the practitioners. A 3D computerised treatment control is performed from the beginning to the end of the assembly line and warrants a perfect precision of the bonding placement.

Appliances are completely personalized for each patient taking into account particular anatomic features as well as the prescriptions of practitioners. As a result practitioners will benefit from a number of theoretical advantages making treatment more pleasant and functionally smoother at every phase of therapy. Managing the Lingualjet appliance is simple and transforms straight wire lingual therapy into a procedure comparable in every way to traditional use of the straight wire in buccally bonded attachments.

Researchers conduct their studies of the mandible by placing it in the “exploitable” framework of systemic biology. They investigate an anomaly of its development, promandibulia, or mandibular prognathism, within this context, by studying molecular and cellular reactions at the level of their constitutive elements and their integration during the course of mandibular development. Here we propose a new etiological and therapeutic approach for this malformation.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, dentists ‘‘straightened’’ the teeth of adolescents and adults. Angle had suggested that earlier treatment would be advisable but presented very few examples of this approach. In 1912, E. A. Bogue was the first orthodontist to publish articles advocating treatment for children before they reached the age of six by widening arches to create diastemas between temporary teeth and, above all, by eliminating mouth breathing.