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² Quoted in “Enthronement of Dr. Fisher,” Manchester Guardian, 20 April 1945, 8.

³ “The New Primate,” Economist, 13 January 1945, 43.

⁴ R. A. Edwards, “Canterbury's Part,” Spectator, 20 April 1945.

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¹² Grimley, Citizenship; Grimley, “The Religion of Englishness.”

¹³ Henderson, Ian, Power without Glory: A Study in Ecumenical Politics (London, 1967)Google Scholar; Morgan, D. Densil, The Span of the Cross: Christian Religion and Society in Wales, 1914–2000 (Cardiff, 2011)Google Scholar.

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¹⁵ “War Situation and Foreign Policy,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 407, 18 January 1945, 424.

¹⁶ Addison, , “Destiny, History and Providence: The Religion of Winston Churchill,” in Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling, ed. Bentley, Michael (Cambridge, 1993), 236–40Google Scholar.

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¹⁹ Addison, “Destiny, History and Providence,” 249.

²⁰ “Victory!,” Daily Telegraph, 8 May 1945, 4.

²¹ “Ancient Sacrifice,” Economist, 12 May 1945, 621–22.

²² Charles Richard Cammell, “Scotland's Ode to Victory,” Scotsman, 8 May 1945, 4.

²³ “VE Day at Last,” Western Mail, 8 May 1945, 2.

²⁴ “Victory!,” Times, 8 May 1945, 7.

²⁵ “Victory Addresses in Both Houses,” Times, 16 August 1945, 8.

²⁶ “Fighting Famine,” Times, 22 April 1946, 5.

²⁷ “The Clear and Sonorous Voice . . . ,” Evening Standard, 26 April 1948, 2.

²⁸ “A German Speaks in the Albert Hall,” Daily Express, 26 April 1948, 3. William Haley quoted in Wolfe, Kenneth M., The Churches and the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1922–1956: The Politics of Broadcast Religion (London, 1984), 361–62Google Scholar.

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³⁰ Harold Macmillan, “Debate on the Address,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 520, 4 December 1953, 188.

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³² See also McLeod, The Religious Crisis, 217; and Hinton, James, Nine Wartime Lives: Mass-Observation and the Making of the Modern Self (New York, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 14.

³³ Brown, The Death of Christian Britain, 164–66.

³⁴ Letter from Ex-Serviceman, Daily Mirror, 24 January 1947, 2.

³⁵ Letter from Sapper, Daily Mirror, 3 September 1947, 2.

³⁶ “Easter after War,” Times, 18 April 1946, 5.

³⁷ “The Day Between,” Daily Express, 16 April 1949, 4.

³⁸ “For They Shall Inherit . . . ,” Daily Express, 4 April 1953, 4.

³⁹ See, for example, “Holy Week,” Daily Express, 18 April 1946, 2; “The Gospel According to St. Luke,” Daily Express, 24 December 1946, 4; “Greatest Story,” Evening Standard, 24 December 1947, 2; “The Prince of Peace,” Yorkshire Post, 24 December 1945, 2.

⁴⁰ See, for example, “The Christian Heritage,” Times, 24 December 1948, 5; “Christmas,” Times, 24 December 1949, 5; “Easter,” Spectator, 8 April 1955, 421.

⁴¹ See, for example, “Peacetime Easter,” Daily Telegraph, 20 April 1946, 2; “Any More for the 1.55?,” Evening Standard, 3 April 1947, 1; “Easter Break,” Manchester Guardian, 5 April 1947, 4; “Record Easter on South Coast? Holiday Rush Begins,” Cambridge Daily News, 25 March 1948, 1.

⁴² See, for example, “Birthday”; “Something to be Done,” Daily Mail, 5 April 1947, 1; “A Call to Action,” Daily Express, 5 July 1947, 2; “The Christian Heritage”; “To All—A Merry Christmas,” Daily Mail, 24 December 1951; “The Great Decision was Reached Alone,” Manchester Guardian, 1 November 1955, 1.

⁴³ “And After?,” Times, 3 June 1953, 13.

⁴⁴ “Coronation Day,” Western Mail, 2 June 1953, 4.

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⁴⁸ “A Happy Easter,” Daily Mail, 27 March 1948, 1.

⁴⁹ “Lord Montgomery and Communism,” Times, 5 June 1951, 2.

⁵⁰ D. Brown, “We Must Choose Between Christ and Communism,” Picture Post, 17 February 1951, 40–41.

⁵¹ “Mid-century,” Times, 1 January 1951, 7.

⁵² “Tidings of Hope and Change,” Daily Telegraph, 24 December 1956, 6.

⁵³ “Overcoming the World,” Times, 15 April 1950, 8.

⁵⁴ “Dragons in Britain,” Times, 24 April 1957, 5.

⁵⁵ See especially Harris, Alana and Spence, Martin, ‘“Disturbing the Complacency of Religion?’ The Evangelical Crusades of Dr. Billy Graham and Father Patrick Peyton in Britain, 1951–54,” Twentieth Century British History 18, no. 4 (2007): 481–513CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁰ Butterfield, Herbert, Writings on Christianity and History, ed. McIntire, C. T. (New York, 1979)Google Scholar, 168.

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⁶³ Letters from Arnold Toynbee, Times, 30 April 1954, and 4 June 1954, reprinted in Counsels of Hope.

⁶⁴ Letter from Martin Wight, Times, 7 May 1954, reprinted in Counsels of Hope. Toynbee himself was puzzled by the critical response to his lectures, wondering how he had failed to make himself more clear. See McNeill, William H., Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life (New York, 1989)Google Scholar, 224.

⁶⁵ Green, The Passing of Protestant England, 266.

⁶⁶ See, for example, Cecil Field, “No-Cane, No-Code Boys—Where Are They Going?,” Daily Mirror, 30 November 1948; “To All—A Merry Christmas”; “A Call to Action,” Daily Express, 5 July 1947, 2; Denzil Batchelor, “Will TV Kill the British Sunday?,” Picture Post, 3 December 1955, 34.

⁶⁷ See or example Field, “No-Cane, No-Code Boys”; and letter from S. C., Daily Mirror, 12 January 1950, 2.

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⁷⁰ McLeod, “Protestantism and British National Identity,” 44–70, although cf. McLeod, The Religious Crisis, 217. Christianity barely received a mention in the postwar section of an important book on British national character; see Mandler, Peter, The English National Character: The History of An Idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair (New Haven, CT, 2006)Google Scholar.

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⁸⁰ “Germany and Europe,” Times, 6 May 1949, 5. In 1950, by contrast, the Times spoke of “the idea of Britain as a Christian family and the idea of the Commonwealth as a family of Christian countries”; “The Commons Church,” Times, 23 October 1950, 5.

⁸¹ B. P. Robin, “Extracts from an Address Given at the Empire Youth Sunday Service, 17th May, 1953 in St. Paul's Cathedral,” Empire Youth Sunday, 17th May 1953: Report on Observance, 17–18, Royal Commonwealth Society Library Collections (hereafter RCSLC) R11/43, Cambridge University Library (hereafter Cambridge UL).

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⁸³ Siân Nicholas, “The Construction of a National Identity: Stanley Baldwin, ‘Englishness’ and the Mass Media in Inter-War Britain,” in The Conservatives and British Society, ed. Francis and Zweiniger-Bargielowska, 127, 131.

⁸⁴ I am grateful to Elizabeth Elbourne for her comments on this point.

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⁹³ “Indian Independence Bill,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 440, 15 July 1947, 262.

⁹⁴ Letter from L. John Collins, Spectator, 16 September 1955, 359.

⁹⁵ “Students from the Colonies,” Times, 29 December 1954, 4.

⁹⁶ Letter from S. M. Lahiri, Manchester Guardian, 2 January 1956, 4.

⁹⁷ “To Stop the War,” Daily Telegraph, 1 November 1956, 6.

⁹⁸ “Tidings of Hope and Change,” Daily Telegraph, 24 December 1956, 6.

⁹⁹ Manchester Guardian, 2 November 1956, 8

¹⁰⁰ Economist, 3 November 1956, 391–93.

¹⁰¹ “The Alliance,” Economist, 17 November 1956, 571.

¹⁰² “Bravado,” Economist, 1 December 1956, 758.

¹⁰³ Ramsden, John, The Age of Churchill and Eden, 1940–1957 (London, 1995)Google Scholar, 305. See also Louis, William Roger, “The Dissolution of the British Empire,” in The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols., ed. Brown, Judith and Louis, William Roger (Oxford, 1999)Google Scholar, 4:343. For qualification of this view, see Darwin, John, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (New York, 1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 229.

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¹¹³ “Dr. Malan and Gold Coast,” Times, 5 March 1952, 4; “No Haste on Central Africa,” Economist, 8 March 1952, 876.

¹¹⁴ “Dr. Malan on Moral Issues in Apartheid,” Times, 6 March 1953, 6.

¹¹⁵ “Racial Issue in Rhodsesias,” Times, 12 December 1953, 5.

¹¹⁶ “The White Man in Africa,” Times, 13 April 1953, 6. See also Lazar, John, “Verwoerd versus the ‘Visionaries’: The South African Bureau of Racial Affairs (Sabra) and Apartheid, 1948–61,” in Apartheid's Genesis, 1935–62, ed. Bonner, Philip, Delius, Peter, and Posel, Deborah (Braamfontein, 1993), 362–92Google Scholar.

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¹³¹ See, for example, “Reluctant Tribute,” Manchester Guardian, 2 March 1960, 10; “Conflict in New Orleans,” Manchester Guardian, 21 April 1962, 6; “Limited Victory,” Times, 13 May 1963, 13; “Tear Gas Against Negroes,” Manchester Guardian, 10 October 1963, 1.

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¹³⁵ Abse, Leo, Private Member (London, 1973)Google Scholar, 148. Osborne quoted in Stephen Brooke, “The Conservative Party, Immigration and National Identity, 1948–1968,” in The Conservatives and British Society, ed. Francis and Zweiniger-Bargielowska, 158.

¹³⁶ Quoted in Brooke, “The Conservative Party, Immigration and National Identity,” 157.

¹³⁷ Cyril Osborne, “Should We Control Immigration?,” Church of England Newspaper, 7 July 1961, 5.

¹³⁸ “Immigration,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 645, 1 August 1961, 1323. See “Church Made into Sikh Temple,” Times, 31 July 1961, 12.

¹³⁹ “Immigration,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 645, 1 August 1961, 1323.

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¹⁴² Elton, The Unarmed Invasion.

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¹⁴⁵ Ibid., 70.

¹⁴⁶ Ibid., 71–72; See also p. 23: “It is seldom, if ever, claimed that an Afro-Asian immigration on the present scale will make this country healthier or better educated or more law-abiding or more powerful, or that it will fortify or enrich our inherited traditions and aptitudes or increase social harmony. I cannot, however, help adding that if I thought it possible that there was to be a mass conversion to Christianity of immigrants by natives—or, better still perhaps, of natives by immigrants—I should look forward myself confidently to the eventual accession of most of these benefits,” 23.

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¹⁵⁰ “Commonwealth Immigrants Bill,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 649, 16 November 1961, 758.

¹⁵¹ Ibid., 687–716.

¹⁵² Ibid., 715–28.

¹⁵³ Brooke says that only Osborne and Norman Pannell were openly in favor of restrictions before 1960, but Gurden's name should be added to the list. Brooke, “The Conservative Party, Immigration and National Identity,” 157.

¹⁵⁴ “Commonwealth Immigrants Bill,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 649, 16 November 1961, 802, 777.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid., 778–79.

¹⁵⁶ Ibid., 777–78.

¹⁵⁷ “Commonwealth Immigrants Bill,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 654, 27 February 1962, 1234.

¹⁵⁸ “Commonwealth Immigrants Bill,” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 649, 16 November 1961, 765.

¹⁵⁹ Ibid., 772.

¹⁶⁰ “Union of South Africa (Racialist Policies),” Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 621, 8 April 1960, 799.

¹⁶¹ Barker, “Political Ideas,” 8.

¹⁶² Margaret Thatcher, “Speech to General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,” 21 May 1988, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107246, accessed May 14, 2012.

¹⁶³ Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–2000 (London, 2004), 380.

¹⁶⁴ For more on the importance of the 1950s, see Green, The Passing of Protestant England, especially 264–72.

¹⁶⁵ “A Beacon to Generations,” Times, 25 May 1962, special supplement, I; see also, for example, “Hopes and Fears,” Spectator, 22 December 1961, 919–20.

¹⁶⁶ “Cute Easter Chick,” Derby Evening Telegraph, 4 April 1972, 10; “How About This for a Christmas Stocking?,” Western Mail, 24 December 1970, 7.

¹⁶⁷ “The Claims of Belief,” Spectator, 23 December 1960, 1007.

¹⁶⁸ “Christmas Greetings,” Spectator, 21 December 1956, 916.

¹⁶⁹ For a brief introduction to Whitehouse, see McLeod, The Religious Crisis, 229–30. See also Whitehouse, Mary, Who Does She Think She Is? (London, 1971)Google Scholar.

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¹⁷⁴ “A Minority of Doubt,” Times, 13 December 1967, 11.

¹⁷⁵ Lord Elton, Commonwealth Youth Sunday, 1937–1962: A History (n.p., 1962), 3.

¹⁷⁶ “Empire Youth South, May 21st, 1944: Suggestions for Observance in Great Britain and Northern Ireland,” RCSLC R11/43, Cambridge UL.

¹⁷⁷ Robin, “Extracts from an Address.”

¹⁷⁸ Empire Youth Sunday 1945, 5, back cover; Empire Youth Sunday 1946, 4; Empire Youth Sunday: Report on the 1955 Observance, 1; RCSLC R11/43, Cambridge UL.

¹⁷⁹ “The Queen's Message for Commonwealth Youth Sunday, 10th May 1959,” 1, RCSLC R11/43, Cambridge UL.

¹⁸⁰ In 1963, the organizers finally addressed the question of whether the movement should continue to use the word Sunday, given that not everyone in the Commonwealth was a Christian. See P. B. Nevill, “Foreword,” Commonwealth Youth Sunday: Report for 1963, 3, RCSLC R11/43, Cambridge UL.

¹⁸¹ “Almighty God, Who rulest in the kingdom of men, and hast given to our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, a great dominion in all parts of the earth; Draw together we pray Thee, in true fellowship the men of divers races, languages and customs, who dwell therein, that, bearing one another's burdens, and working together in brotherly concord, they may fulfil the purpose of Thy providence, and set forward Thy everlasting kingdom. Pardon, we beseech Thee, our sins and shortcomings: keep far from us all selfishness and pride: and give us grace to employ Thy good gifts of order and freedom to Thy glory and the welfare of mankind; Through Jesus Christ Thy Son our Lord.—Amen.” Commonwealth Youth Sunday, Report for 1959, inside front cover; RCSLC R11/43, Cambridge UL.

¹⁸² “The Reasons for the Discontinuance of the Observance,” Commonwealth Youth Sunday: Report for 1964, RCSLC R11/43, Cambridge UL.

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