Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T10:35:57.912Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mediating “the Chaos of Incident” and “the Cosmos of Sentiment”: Liberalism in Britain, 1815–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 G. M. Trevelyan to Stanley Baldwin, 31 March 1935, Cambridge University Library, Baldwin Papers, Add. MS 170, fol. 261.

2 Keynes, John Maynard, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), 3Google Scholar.

3 Creighton, Mandell to a friend [written from “The Palace,” Peterborough, where Creighton was then bishop], 21 December 1896, in Life and Letters of Mandell Creighton, by his wife [Louise von Glehn Creighton], 2 vols. (London, 1904), 2:211Google Scholar.

4 These phrases are Clifford Geertz’s, from his book The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (London, 1975), 311. He writes further: “Between the stream of events that make up political life and the web of belief that comprises a culture it is difficult to find a middle term. On the one hand, everything looks like a clutter of schemes and surprises; on the other, like a vast geometry of settled judgments” (311). This essay seeks to find the middle term of which Geertz wrote.

5 Bentley, Michael, The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice, 1868–1918 (London, 1987)Google Scholar; Searle, G. R., The Liberal Party: Triumph and Disintegration, 1886–1929 (London, 1992)Google Scholar; Jenkins, T. A., The Liberal Ascendancy, 1830–1886 (London, 1994)Google Scholar; Parry, Jonathan, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (New Haven, CT, 1993).Google Scholar

6 Berlin, Isaiah, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford, 1969), 171Google Scholar.

7 Mrs. Ward, Humphrey, Robert Elsmere (Oxford, 1987), 12.Google Scholar

8 Bailkin, Jordanna, The Culture of Property: The Crisis of Liberalism in Modern Britain (Chicago, 2004)Google Scholar, and “The Place of Liberalism,” Victorian Studies 48, no. 1 (Autumn 2005): 83–90. See also Christine MacLeod, Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity, 1750–1914 (Cambridge, 2007).

9 Parry, Jonathan, The Politics of Patriotism: English Liberalism, National Identity and Europe, 1830–1886 (Cambridge, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Mehta, Uday Singh, Liberalism and Empire: A Study of Nineteenth-Century British Thought (Chicago, 1999), 3637Google Scholar.

11 Biagini, Eugenio F., British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 1876–1906 (Cambridge, 2007), 23CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Jones, J. S., review of Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage, by Alan S. Kahan, Journal of Modern History 78, no. 1 (March 2006): 180–81, quote at 180CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Watson, George, “Acton's ‘History of Liberty,’” in Politics and Literature in Modern Britain (London, 1997), 155, 169–70Google Scholar.

14 [John Emerich Edward Dahlberg-Acton, first Baron Acton], review of Democracy in Europe: A History, by Sir May, Erskine, Quarterly Review, no. 145 (January 1878): 112–42, quote at 113Google Scholar.

15 Drew, Mary, Acton, Gladstone, and Others (London, 1924), 7Google Scholar.

16 Second Lord Acton to Daniel Macmillan, 1 October 1907, British Library (BL), Add. MSS 55774, fol. 108.

17 Hobhouse, Leonard T., Liberalism (London, 1911), 50Google Scholar.

18 Kahan, Alan S., Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage (Basingstoke, 2003), esp. 24-27CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Kahan identifies two liberal dialects that expressed liberalism's attempt to identify political capacity. One was social: an individual might belong to a group whose interests deserved representation. The other was individual: a person might be marked by wealth and education, which qualified him for participation. “Liberalism meant Enlightenment without revolution” (26).

19 Rosebery and Reid, quoted in Why I Am a Liberal: Definitions and Personal Confessions of Faith by the Best Minds of the Liberal Party, comp. and ed. Andrew Reid (London, [1890]), 14, 114.

20 William Gladstone to Queen Victoria, 6 March 1886, quoted in Guedalla, Philip, The Queen and Mr. Gladstone, 1845–1898, 2 vols. (London, 1933), 2:396Google Scholar.

21 Freeman, E. A., quoted in Why I Am a Liberal, 47, 49Google Scholar. Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–92): historian; his parents died in his infancy, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother; educated at Trinity College, Oxford (BA, 1845); probationary fellow of his college (1845–47); sought, unsuccessfully, the Camden professorship of ancient history and the Chichele professorship of modern history; Regius Professor of Modern History and fellow of Oriel College, Oxford (1884–92), but he was annoyed to find himself impotent in directing the school of which he was the head; supported Gladstone's home rule policies in 1886.

22 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, Lord Chesterfield's Letters, ed. David Roberts (Oxford, 1992), 179Google Scholar.

23 Keynes, John Maynard, “Liberalism and Labour,” in The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 9, Essays in Persuasion (London, 1972), 307–11, quotes at 309Google Scholar.

24 For a further discussion of this point, see W. C. Lubenow, “Liberalism and the Shaping of Identity(ies)” (paper presented to the Anglo-American Historical Society, University of London, July 2007).

25 Wood, Gordon, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York, 2006), 12–13, 245–74Google Scholar.

26 See Joseph Sramek, “The Master Is No Longer a Master: Anxieties about the Manliness of British Civil Servants in the East India Company” (paper presented at the Middle Atlantic Conference on British Studies, Alexandria, VA, 9 April 2005).

27 Keynes, “Liberalism and Labour,” 311.

28 Keynes was describing the conference of nineteen countries at Lausanne, which considered the future of war debts and reparations, in his Finlay Lecture at University College, Dublin, 19 April 1933; see “National Self-Sufficiency,” in The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 21, Activities, 1921–1939: World Crises and Politics in Britain and America, ed. Donald Moggridge (London, 1982), 203–88, quotes at 244–45.

29 T. S. Eliot, “John Maynard Keynes,” New English Weekly, 16 May 1946, 47–48, quotes at 47.

30 Quoted in Searby, Peter, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. 3, 1750–1866 (Cambridge, 1997), 445CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 John Mitchell Kemble (1807–57): educated at Bury St. Edmund's School and Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1830); friend of Tennyson (who addressed his sonnet “To JMK” to him); studied in Germany with Grimm; lectured on Anglo-Saxon language and literature in Cambridge in 1834; resided in London and engaged in literary work; editor of the British and Foreign Review (1835–44); examiner of stage plays (1840–57).

32 [John Mitchell Kemble], “British and Foreign Universities: Cambridge,” British and Foreign Review 5 (July 1837): 168–209, quotes at 206–7, 209.

33 Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900): educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Cambridge (thirty-third wrangler and senior classic); fellow of Trinity (1859–69); Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy (1883–1900).

34 Schultz, Bart, Henry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe; An Intellectual Biography (Cambridge, 2004), 384442CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Sidgwick, Henry, The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription (London, 1870)Google Scholar, quotes at 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 25, 29, 30, 32–33, 39–40.

36 Thomas Hill Green, quoted in Sayce, Archibald Henry, Reminiscences (London, 1922), 203Google Scholar.

37 Strutt, Robert John, fourth Baron Rayleigh, The Life of John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M, F.R.S., augmented ed. (Madison, WI, 1968), 39Google Scholar.

38 George Prothero Diary, 5 February (Shrove Tuesday) 1873, King's College, Cambridge, Modern Archives Centre, Misc. 77/1/36. (Sir) George Prothero (1848–1922): educated at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge (BA, 1872; sixth classic; MA, 1875); studied at Bonn (1873–74); fellow, King's College (1872–96); university lecturer in history (1883–94); professor of history, Edinburgh University (1894–99); succeeded his brother as editor of the Quarterly Review (1899–1922); FBA (Fellow of the British Academy, 1903); KBE (Knight Commander of the [Order of the] British Empire, 1920).

39 Francis Macdonald Cornford (1874–1943): educated at St. Paul's and at Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1897; first class in parts 1 and 2 of the classical tripos; MA, 1900); fellow of Trinity (1899); lecturer in classics (1904); Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy, Cambridge (1931–39); FBA (1937); perhaps best remembered as a shrewd and ironic analyst of academic politics.

40 Cornford, F. M., Religion in the University (Cambridge, 1911), 2–3, 5–6Google Scholar.

41 [F. M. Cornford], “Compulsory Chapel,” n.d., Trinity College, Cambridge University, Cornford MSS, A5, 7–8.

42 I have set these ideas forth in a preliminary way in a review essay, “University History and the History of Universities in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of British Studies 39, no. 2 (April 2000): 247–62, and in “Making Words Flesh: Changing Roles of University Learning and the Professions in Nineteenth-Century England,” Minerva 40, no. 3 (2002): 217–34.

43 Harling, Philip, The Waning of the “Old Corruption”: The Politics of Economic Reform in Britain, 1779–1846 (Oxford, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 Annan, N. G., “The Intellectual Aristocracy,” in Studies in Social History: A Tribute to G. M. Trevelyan, ed. J. H. Plumb (London, 1955), 247Google Scholar.

45 (Sir) James Fitzjames Stephen, baronet (1829–94): educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1852); barrister; Queen's Counsel; judge; legal member for the Indian governor general's council; journalist; went mad and had to be removed from the bench. (His son, James Kenneth Stephen, starved himself to death in an asylum; Virginia Woolf was his niece.)

46 Stephen, James Fitzjames, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (London, 1873), quotes at 332–34Google Scholar; the passage from Deuteronomy was a family motto, carved on his father's headstone.

47 Wells, H. G., The New Machiavelli (London, 1909), 87Google Scholar.

48 Strachey, Lytton, “Lancaster Gate,” in The Shorter Strachey, ed. Michael Holroyd and Paul Levy (Oxford, 1980), 11Google Scholar.

49 Hampson, Mark, “Journalists and the ‘Professional Ideal’ in Britain: The Institute of Journalists, 1884–1907,Historical Research 72, no. 178 (June 1999): 183201CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

50 See Reddy, William, “Condottieri of the Pen: Journalists and the Public Sphere in Postrevolutionary France, 1815–1850,American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (December 1994): 1546–70Google Scholar, and The Invisible Code: Honor and Sentiment in Postrevolutionary France, 1814–1848 (Berkeley, 1997).

51 John Mitchell Kemble to John Allen, 7 August 1840, BL, Add. MS 52184, fols. 206–7. I am grateful to Simon Keynes for this quotation and citation.

52 Broughton, Trev Lynn, Men of Letters, Writing Lives: Masculinity and Literary Auto/Biography in the Later Victorian Period (London, 1999), 110Google Scholar. I have traced some of these themes in “Authority, Honour and the Strachey Family, 1817–1974,” Historical Research 76, no. 194 (November 2003): 512–34.

53 (Sir) George Otto Trevelyan, baronet (1838–1928): educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1861; second classic); MP; cabinet minister; FBA (1904); OM (Order of Merit, 1911).

54 [Trevelyan, G. O.], Letters from a Competition Wallah (Cambridge, 1864), 23Google Scholar.

55 Clive, John, “Peter and Wallah: From Kinfolk to Competition,” in History and Imagination: Essays in Honor of H. R. Trevor-Roper, ed. Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Valerie Pearl, and Blair Worden (New York, 1982), 313, 320–21Google Scholar.

56 Cronin, James C., The Politics of State Expansion: War, the State, and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain (London, 1991), 23Google Scholar.

57 Forster, E. M., “What I Believe,” reprinted in Two Cheers for Democracy (New York, 1951), 67, 73Google Scholar; the remark about choosing loyalty to his friend is at 68.

58 Blunt, Wilfrid, quoted in Geoffrey Nash, From Orient to Empire: Travellers to the Middle East, 1830–1926 (London, 2006), 90Google Scholar.

59 Alexander MacCallum Scott Diary, 11 January 1929, quoted in Bentley, Michael, The Liberal Mind, 1914–1929 (Cambridge, 1977), 207CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Alexander MacCallum Scott (1874–1928): educated at Polmont Public School, Falkirk, and Glasgow University; barrister; Liberal MP for Bridgton (1910–22); parliamentary private secretary to Winston Churchill at the Ministry of Munitions and at the War Office (1917–19); author of The Truth about Tibet (London, 1905).

60 Lytton Strachey to John Maynard Keynes, 11 March 1906, King's College, Cambridge, Keynes Papers.

61 Lytton Strachey to John Maynard Keynes, 11 October 1907, New York Public Library, Berg Collection.

62 Habermas, Jürgen, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger and Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge MA, 1989)Google Scholar; Taylor, Charles, “Modern Social Imaginaries,Public Culture 14, no. 1 (2002): 91124Google Scholar; for Britain, see Harris, José, ed., Civil Society in British History: Ideas, Identities, Institutions (Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar.

63 Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (London, 1970)Google Scholar; Johnson, Peter, “Unravelling Foucault's ‘Difference Spaces,’History of the Human Sciences 19, no. 4 (November 2006): 7590Google Scholar.

64 Rodgers, Daniel T., “The Traditions of Liberalism,” in Questions of Tradition, ed. Mark Phillips Salber and Gordon Schochet (Toronto, 2004), 203–32, quote at 204Google Scholar.

65 Bentley, Michaelreview, of Civil Society in British History: Ideas, Identities, Institutions, ed. José Harris, English Historical Review 122, no. 496 (April 2007): 501–3, quotes at 501Google Scholar.

66 Wickberg, Daniel, “What Is the History of Sensibilities?American Historical Review 112, no. 3 (June 2007): 661–84, quote at 669CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also 670–71.