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²³ MacDonald, J. Ramsay, A Policy for the Labour Party (London, 1920), 62, 53Google Scholar.

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²⁹ Chris Waters has argued that a Labourist pragmatic ethos had triumphed within the Labour movement by 1914, eroding traditional moralist or “educationalist” tendencies. See his British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture, 1884–1914 (Stanford, CA, 1990), 174, 176–177.

³⁰ National Executive Committee of the Labour Party (NEC), Annual Report (London, 1904), 21Google ScholarPubMed.

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³⁹ Arnot, R. Page, The History of the Labour Research Department (London, 1926), 47Google Scholar. The total expenditure on all forms of publicity during the nine days was £16,355 (NUR Report and Financial Statement for 1919, cited in Philip Bagwell, The Railwaymen: A History of the National Union of Railwaymen [London, 1963], 396). This figure is all the more incredible when one considers that the National Executive Committee's annual expenditure on publicity during the election year 1918 was only £6,512 9s. 1.5d (NEC, Annual Report [London, 1919]).

⁴⁰ David Lloyd George, telegraph to the County Council at Caernarvon, 27 September 1919, quoted in Bagwell, The Railwaymen, 393.

⁴¹ See London Labour Party (LLP) Executive Committee minutes, 13 May 1920 onward, London Metropolitan Archive (LMA). The first LLP ad was run in the Star on 2 March 1922.

⁴² Tanner, Political Change and the Labour Party, 1900–1918; see also discussion below.

⁴³ Herbert Morrison, “Labour and the Middle Class, Part VI,” London Labour Chronicle, September 1923.

⁴⁴ W. J. Brown, “Labour and the Middle Class, Part III,” London Labour Chronicle, February 1923.

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⁴⁹ ibid., 51–52, 38. This view of the incompatibility of profitable press ownership and political leftism was still popular forty-five years later. See Waller, Ian, “The Left-Wing Press,” in The Left, ed. Gerald Kaufman (London, 1966), 79Google ScholarPubMed.

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⁵³ See also the Daily Herald circular, 21 November 1921, LP/DH, LPA.

⁵⁴ Tracey, “The Newspaper Trust”; Hampton, Visions of the Press, 167, 173–75.

⁵⁵ Ernest Bevin, “The Written Word,” Daily Herald, 1 December 1919.

⁵⁶ Richards, Huw, The Bloody Circus: The Daily Herald and the Left (London, 1997), 76Google Scholar. The Sugar Subsidy Bill was the page 2 story on 19 March 1925.

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⁵⁹ Advertisement, Daily Mail, 9 September 1919.

⁶⁰ Typescript minutes of Labour Party Conference, 1923, in Trades Union Congress (TUC) MSS 292/790/4, Modern Records Centre (MRC), Warwick.

⁶¹ Hamilton Fyfe, “A Nice Bit o’ Reading,” London Labour Chronicle, January 1923, 7.

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⁶⁷ Sidney Strube, “An Obvious Disguise,” Daily Express, 1 November 1922.

⁶⁸ “As You Like It,” Daily Mail, 1 November 1922 (emphasis in the original).

⁶⁹ “Don’t Forget to Vote Today: Against Socialism,” Daily Mail, 15 November 1922; “The Tale of a Waistcoat,” Daily Mail, 3 November 1922.

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⁸⁰ The editor of the Daily Herald, H. Hamilton Fyfe, who also edited the Worker, had encouraged the TUC general council to allow him to include more “general news” in the paper, to no avail. See Fyfe, Behind the Scenes of the Great Strike (London, 1926), 84.

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⁹⁵ Tanner, “Class Voting,” 116–17.

⁹⁶ “W. Herron (Chorley DLP) Speech to Party Conference,” in Report of the Twenty-sixth Annual Conference of the Labour Party (London, 1926), 209.

⁹⁷ “C. T. Cramp Speech to Party Conference,” in Report of the Twenty-seventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party (London, 1927), 211.

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¹⁰⁵ For a full discussion of the negotiations surrounding the sale and relaunch, see Richards, The Bloody Circus, chap. 6.

¹⁰⁶ Daily Herald internal memo, n.d., 1938, TUC MSS 292/790/1, MRC.

¹⁰⁷ Advertisement, Daily Herald, 4 December 1942.

¹⁰⁸ “To the Working Men and Women of Britain,” Daily Express, 26 September 1932; “To Trade Unionists,” Daily Express, 30 September 1932; “To Cooperators,” Daily Express, 1 October 1932.

¹⁰⁹ The letter was forwarded to Walter Citrine by G. D. Eusden of the Edmonton Trades Council, 20 October 1933, TUC MSS 292/790/1, MRC.

¹¹⁰ Memo from James Kneeshaw to the annual consultation of organizing staff held in connection with the annual party conference, 10 October 1930; filed in NEC minutes 1930, LPA.

¹¹¹ “Notes re: Daily Herald,” n.d. [late 1930], TUC MSS 292/790/6, MRC.

¹¹² “To Trade Unionists” (emphasis in the original).

¹¹³ Letter from Arthur Pugh to Walter Citrine, 18 January 1934, TUC MSS 292/790.1/3, MRC.

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¹¹⁵ Jones, Stephen, The British Labour Movement and Film, 1918–1939 (London, 1987), 47Google Scholar; Black, Lawrence, The Political Culture of the Left in Affluent Britain, 1945–1964: Old Labour, New Britain? (Basingstoke, 2003), 104, 110, 122Google Scholar.

¹¹⁶ Leavis's, F. R.Mass Civilization and Minority Culture (London, 1930)Google Scholar and Q. D. Leavis's Fiction and the Reading Public (London, 1932) served as the bible for a coterie of young Cambridge intellectuals who embraced the couple's critique of commercial culture in the 1930s. See LeMahieu, A Culture for Democracy, 300ff.

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¹²⁰ Wring, Dominic, The Politics of Marketing the Labour Party (Basingstoke, 2005), 11; minutes of NEC research and publicity subcommittee, 14 December 1937, LPACrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹²⁴ Sam Davies and Bob Morley, eds., County Borough Elections in England and Wales, 1919–1938: A Comparative Analysis, 3 vols. (London, 1999–2006). Howard (“Expectations Born to Death,” 65–81) has similarly suggested that the party's increased turnout at successive general elections in the 1920s masked a fundamental weakness in its local bases of support.

¹²⁵ Butler, David, “Trend in British By-Elections,” Journal of Politics 11, no. 2 (May , ed., 1949): 396–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Addison, Paul, The Road to 1945 (London, 1975), 18, 127–28, 162Google Scholar; John Stevenson and Chris Cook, Britain in the Depression (London, 1994), 131, 139.

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¹²⁷ Beers, Laura, “Polling Public Opinion before Opinion Polls: The Conservative Party and Election Prediction between the Wars” (unpublished paper, Cambridge University, 2007)Google Scholar.

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¹²⁹ Hugh Gaitskell at conference on “Selling Socialism,” sponsored by the New Fabian Research Bureau, 23–24 October 1937, Fabian Society J14/7 f. 49, British Library of Economic and Political Science (BLEPS), London.

¹³⁰ Wring, The Politics of Marketing the Labour Party, 17–19.

¹³¹ Black, The Political Culture of the Left, 104, 110, 122. For the argument that the 1940s Labour Party was ill-attuned to the mood of the masses, see Fielding, Steven, Thompson, Paul, and Tiratsee, Nick, eds., “England Arise!” The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain (Manchester, 1995)Google Scholar; and Fielding, Steve, “Activists against ‘Affluence’: Labour Party Culture during the ‘Golden Age’, circa 1950–1970,” Journal of British Studies 40, no. 2 (April 2001): 241–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a broader discussion of the competing strands in the intellectual and political culture of the British Labour Party, see Jeremy Nuttall, Psychological Socialism: The Labour Party and Qualities of Mind and Character, 1931 to the Present (Manchester, 2006).

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