Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T13:52:27.184Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Thunder Versus Lightning: A Performance and Cost Analysis of the A-10 “Warthog” Versus the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2019

John Green  and
Richard Zeckhauser
John Green
Affiliation:
Captain, U.S. Navy, e-mail: johngreen228@icloud.com
Richard Zeckhauser*
Affiliation:
Frank Plumpton Ramsey Professor of Political Economy, Harvard Kennedy School, 79 John F. Kennedy St., Cambridge, MA02138, e-mail: richard_zeckhauser@harvard.edu
*
*e-mail: richard_zeckhauser@harvard.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For decades, the U.S. Air Force has contemplated replacing the A-10 Thunderbolt II “Warthog” with a newer fighter aircraft. However, a quantitative analysis comparing the Warthog’s performance and costs with those of its intended replacement, the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter, shows that retiring the Warthog would be operationally unsound and fiscally imprudent. The rationale for the replacement is that it would increase airpower capability while controlling costs. That rationale does not withstand scrutiny. An effectiveness analysis based on results from a survey of joint terminal attack controllers indicates that the A-10 vastly outperforms the F-35 in providing close-air support (CAS), a critical requirement for future conflicts against terrorists and insurgents. A cost analysis demonstrates that replacing the A-10 before its service life ends in 2035 would cost at least $20.9 billion. The replacement plan would waste substantial resources and seriously impair U.S. military capabilities. Given that constrained future budgets and low-intensity conflicts requiring precision CAS can be expected, the U.S. air fleet should include the A-10 Thunderbolt II.

Keywords

A-10close-air supportcost-benefit analysiscost-effectiveness analysisF-35procurementWarthogD61D69H56H57
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , Fall 2019 , pp. 434 - 468
Copyright
© Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelan, R. A. 2017. Face of Defense: A-10 Pilot Spits Fire in Fight Against ISIS. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/News/Article/Article/1260871/face-of-defense-a-10-pilot-spits-fire-in-fight-against-isis/source/GovDelivery/ (accessed March 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Bender, J. and Nudelman, M. 2016. “The Air Force’s ten most expensive planes to operate sorted by cost per flight hour.” Business Insider, March 3, 2016. Available at https://www.businessinsider.com/air-force-plane-cost-per-flight-hour-chart-2016-3 (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Boeing, . 2013. Boeing to Build 56 Additional A-10 Wings for US Air Force, Will Keep Aircraft Operating Through 2035. St. Louis, MO: Boeing. Available at http://boeing.mediaroom.com/Boeing-to-Build-56-Additional-A-10-Wings-for-US-Air-Force (accessed October 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Callimachi, R. 2015. “Boko Haram Generates Uncertainty with Pledge of Allegiance to Islamic State.” New York Times, March 7, 2015. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/world/africa/boko-haram-is-said-to-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state.html (accessed March 29, 2015).Google Scholar
Clark, C. 2014. “A-10s Strike Targets in Iraq, but not Syria.” Breaking Defense, December 17, 2014. Available at http://breakingdefense.com/2014/12/a-10s-strike-targets-in-iraq-but-not-syria/ (accessed December 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Cooper, H. 2017. “ISIS is on its Heels, but Fighting to the Death.” New York Times, September 2, 2017. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/02/world/middleeast/isis-iraq-fight.html (accessed October 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Coram, R. 2003. “The Hog that Saves the Grunts.” New York Times, May 27, 2003. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/27/opinion/the-hog-that-saves-the-grunts.html (accessed September 22, 2015).Google Scholar
Cordes, J., et al., 2006. “Estimating Economic Impacts of Homeland Security Measures.” George Washington Institute of Public Policy Working Paper Number 022. Available at http://www.gwu.edu/~gwipp/papers/wp022 (accessed January 30, 2019).Google Scholar
Cordesman, A. H. 2003. The Lessons of Afghanistan: War Fighting, Intelligence, and Force Transformation. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.Google Scholar
Cronk, T. M. 2018. Centcom Commander: Success in Defeating ISIS Lies with Coalition Partners, Allies. U.S. Department of Defense, July 19, 2018. Available at https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/1579935/centcom-commander-success-in-defeating-isis-lies-with-coalition-partners-allies/ (accessed September 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Dalton, B. 2011. SOTF-XX CAS Data 2011.Google Scholar
Enthoven, A. C., and Smith, K. W. 2005. How Much is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program 1961–69. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Everstine, B. 2015. “Air Force will Try to Cut A-10 Fleet Again.” Air Force Times, February 16, 2015. Available at https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2015/02/02/air-force-will-try-to-cut-a-10-fleet-again/ (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Gordon, M. R. and Schmitt, E. 2015. “U.S. Considers Supplying Arms to Ukraine Forces, Officials Say.” New York Times, February 1, 2015. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/world/us-taking-a-fresh-look-at-arming-kiev-forces.html (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Government Accountability Office. 2016. GAO 16-816, Force Structure, Better Information Needed to Support Air Force A-10 and Other Future Divestment Decisions, August 24, 2016.Google Scholar
Grazier, D. 2018. “Close Air Support Fly-Off Farce.” Project on Government Oversight (POGO), July 10, 2018. Available at https://www.pogo.org/investigation/2018/07/close-air-support-fly-off-farce/ (accessed September 8, 2019).Google Scholar
Grazier, D. and Smithberger, M. 2016. “The F-35: Still Failing to Impress.” Project on Government Oversight (POGO), March 7, 2016. Available at http://www.pogo.org/straus/issues/weapons/2016/the-f-35-still-failing-to-impress.html (accessed August 21, 2018).Google Scholar
Hackworth, D. H. and Sherman, J. 1989. About Face: The Odyssey of an American Warrior. New York, NY: Touchstone.Google Scholar
Hassan, H. 2018. “ISIS Is Ready for a Resurgence.” The Atlantic, August 26, 2018. Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/baghdadi-recording-iraq-syria-terrorism/568471/ (accessed March 10, 2019).Google Scholar
Hicks, K., et al. 2019. What to Look for in the FY 2020 Defense Budget Request. Center For Strategic and International Studies, CSIS Briefs, January 31, 2019. Available at https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/190131_Hicks_2020Defense_layout_v2.pdf (accessed March 10, 2019).Google Scholar
Hoffman, F. G. 2007. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.Google Scholar
Hornburg, H. M. 2003. “Letter to the Editor.” New York Times, May 28, 2003. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/03/opinion/l-air-support-in-iraq-948527.html (accessed September 22, 2015).Google Scholar
Insinna, V. 2018a. “New F-35 Modernization Plan Could Come with Hefty $16B Price Tag.” Defense News, March 8, 2018. Available at https://saveourskiesvt.org/new-f-35-modernization-plan-could-come-with-hefty-16b-price-tag/ (accessed March 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Insinna, V. 2018b. “The F-35 may be Heading into its Faceoff with the A-10 this April.” Defense News, February 28, 2018. Available at https://saveourskiesvt.org/the-f-35-may-be-heading-into-its-faceoff-with-the-a-10-this-april/ (accessed March 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Insinna, V. 2018c. “Air Force to Order More A-10 Wings in FY19 Budget Request.” Defense News, January 25, 2018. Available at https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/01/25/air-force-to-order-more-a-10-wings-in-fy19-budget-request/ (accessed March 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Jones, S. G. 2012. The future of irregular warfare. Testimony presented before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities. Hearing on Understanding Future Irregular Warfare Challenges, 112th Cong., 2nd Sess., March 27. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Kilcullen, D. 2009. The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, D. 2015. “Egypt Launches Airstrike in Libya Against ISIS Branch.” New York Times, February 16, 2015. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/world/middleeast/isis-egypt-libya-airstrikes.html (accessed February 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Lambeth, B. S. 2001. NATO’s Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Lambeth, B. S. 2005. Air power against terror. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Lambeth, B. S. 2013. The Unseen War: Allied Air Power and the Takedown of Saddam Hussein. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.Google Scholar
Landler, M. and Gordon, M. R. 2014. “U.S. to Send up to 300 Military Advisers to Iraq.” New York Times, June 19, 2014. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/20/us/obama-to-address-nation-on-iraq-crisis.html (accessed July 3, 2014).Google Scholar
Lemmon, G. T. 2017. “I Want to Finish This: US Special Ops Leaders Urge Washington to Stick by the Syrian Kurds.” Defense One, September 13, 2017. Available at https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2017/09/special-report-elite-us-forces-say-dont-abandon-syrian-kurd-fighters/140984/ (accessed September 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Lendon, B. 2016. “Defense Chief: A-10s Needed to Bomb ISIS.” CNN, February 27, 2016. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/26/politics/ash-carter-a-10-isis/index.html (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Leoni, V. and Remper, K. 2018. “A-10 vs. F-35 Close-Air Support ‘Fly Off’ Shrouded in Secrecy.” Air Force Times, July 13, 2018. Available at https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2018/07/13/a10-vs-f35-close-air-support-fly-off-shrouded-in-secrecy/ (accessed September 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Lohaus, P. 2014. A Precarious Balance: Preserving the Right Mix of Conventional and Special Operations Forces. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar
Londoño, E. and Salahuddin, S. 2014. “Five U.S. Troops Killed in Friendly Fire Airstrike in Afghanistan.” Washington Post, June 10, 2014. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/five-us-troops-killed-in-friendly-fire-air-strike-in-afghanistan/2014/06/10/d695664e-f077-11e3-9ebc-2ee6f81ed217_story.html (accessed July 3, 2014).Google Scholar
Machi, V. 2017. “New Air Force Secretary Emphasizing Readiness, Modernization.” National Defense, May 5, 2017. Available at https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2017/6/5/new-air-force-secretary-pushes-readiness-modernization-in-proposed-fy18-budget (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Mankoff, J. 2014. Russia’s Latest Land Grab. Foreign Affairs, 93(3): 60–65.Google Scholar
Marshall, T. C. 2014. Air Force Chief: Budget Cuts Affect Combatant Commands. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/475099/csaf-budget-cuts-affect-combatant-commands.aspx (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Marshall, T. C. 2015. Coalition Air Power Leads Fight Against ISIL, General Says. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/News/Article/Article/604784/ (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
McMaster, H. R. and Cohn, G.D. 2017. America First Doesn’t Mean America Alone. Wall Street Journal, May 30, 2017. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-first-doesnt-mean-america-alone-1496187426 (accessed September 14, 2017).Google Scholar
McRaven, W. H. 2013. Posture statement of Admiral William H. McRaven, U.S.N., Commander, United States Special Operations Command before the 113th Congress House Armed Services Committee. Presented before the House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services, Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, 113th Cong., 1st Sess., March 6, 2013.Google Scholar
Mehta, A. 2013. “A-10 Supporters Include Protective Language in NDAA.” Air Force Times, December 12, 2013. Available at https://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20131212/NEWS05/312120006/A-10-supporters-include-protective-language-NDAA/ (accessed September 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Mehta, A. 2014. “The Price of Storing the A-10 in ‘Type-1000’ storage.” Defense News, May 8, 2014. Available at http://intercepts.defensenews.com/2014/05/the-price-of-storing-the-a-10-in-type-1000-storage/ (accessed October 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Melese, F., Richter, A., and Solomon, B. eds. 2015. Military Cost Benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordland, R. 2015. “Iraq Forces, Pushing ISIS Out of Tikrit, Give Few Thanks for U.S. Airstrikes.” New York Times, April 2, 2015. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/03/world/middleeast/isis-forces-pushed-out-of-tikrit.html (accessed April 6, 2015).Google Scholar
Nordland, R. and Cooper, H. 2015. “U.S. Airstrikes on ISIS in Tikrit Prompt Boycott by Shiite Fighters.” New York Times, March 26, 2015. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/27/world/middleeast/iraq-us-air-raids-islamic-state-isis.html (accessed April 6, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2018. “U.S. and Russia Begin Last Battles Against Isis In Syria As Threat Of Conflict Between Them Rises.” Newsweek, September 11, 2018. Available at https://www.newsweek.com/us-russia-begin-final-missions-defeat-isis-syria-threat-conflict-rises-1116465 (accessed September 15, 2018).Google Scholar
O’Hanlon, M. E. and Sherjan, H. 2010. Toughing it out in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Office of Management and Budget. 1992. Circular A-94 Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis in Federal Programs. Washington, DC: White House.Google Scholar
Office of Management and Budget. 2016. 2017 Discount Rates for OMB Circular No. A-94. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.Google Scholar
Parfitt, T. 2015. “Separatist Fighter Admits Russian Tanks, Troops ‘Decisive in Eastern Ukraine Battles’.” Telegraph. Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11506774/Separatist-fighter-admits-Russian-tanks-troops-decisive-in-eastern-Ukraine-battles.html (accessed April 5, 2015).Google Scholar
Pellerin, C. 2016. U.S. A-10s, Tankers Fly Syria Missions 24/7 from Incirlik. DoD News, Defense Media Activity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/News/Article/Article/783776/us-a-10s-tankers-fly-syria-missions-247-from-incirlik/ (accessed October 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Pike, J. E. 2014. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II. GlobalSecurity.org. Available at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35.htm (accessed March 14, 2014).Google Scholar
Pindyck, R. 2016. “The Social Cost of Carbon Revisited.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 22807. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w22807 (accessed February 5, 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Project on Government Oversight. 2014. Operational CPFH. Washington, DC: Project On Government Oversight. Available at http://www.pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/08/03.xls (accessed April 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Ready, R., Berger, M., Blomquist, G. 1997. Measuring Amenity Benefits from Farmland: Hedonic Pricing vs. Contingent Valuation. Growth and Change, 28 (Fall): 438–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhynes, T. 2018. A-10s Bring Thunder to Fight Against ISIS. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/News/Article/Article/1414942/a-10s-bring-thunder-to-fight-against-isis/ (accessed May 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Schogol, J. 2012. “5 A-10 Squadrons to be Cut, Tight Budgets Lead AF to Focus on F-35.” Air Force Times, January 30, 2012. Available at https://warthognews.blogspot.com/2012/01/5-10-squadrons-to-be-cut.html (accessed May 22, 2014).Google Scholar
Schwartz, N. 2012. Air Force Strategic Choices and Budget Priorities Brief at the Pentagon. News Transcript. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2012/01/mil-120127-dod02.htm (accessed February 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Searcey, D. and Schmitt, E. 2017. “In Niger, Where U.S. Troops Died, a Lawless and Shifting Landscape.” New York Times, October 29, 2017. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/29/world/africa/niger-ambush-isis.html (accessed March 17, 2018).Google Scholar
Seligman, L. 2016a. “Air Force Clarifies A-10 Retirement Plan.” Defense News, March 17, 2016. Available at https://www.defensenews.com/air/2016/03/17/air-force-clarifies-a-10-retirement-plans/ (accessed June 4, 2016).Google Scholar
Seligman, L. 2016b. “F-35 vs. A-10: Air Force Test Pilot Weighs In.” Defense News. May 5, 2016. Available at https://www.defensenews.com/2016/05/05/f-35-vs-a-10-air-force-test-pilot-weighs-in/ (accessed March 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Smithberger, M. 2015. “Not Ready for Prime Time.” Project on Government Oversight (POGO), March 12, 2015. Available at http://www.pogo.org/straus/issues/weapons/2015/not-ready-for-prime-time.html (accessed June 20, 2016).Google Scholar
Snow, S. 2017. “U.S. Military: ISIS Largely to Blame for Deadly March 17 Airstrike in Mosul.” Military Times, May 25, 2017. Available at https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2017/05/25/u-s-military-isis-largely-to-blame-for-deadly-march-17-airstrike-in-mosul/ (accessed September 16, 2017).Google Scholar
SOCOM. 2000. United States Special Operations Forces Posture Statement 2000: Providing Unique Solutions for a Changing World. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.Google Scholar
SOCOM. 2016. Fiscal Year 2017 President’s Budget, United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. and Dougherty, C. 2013. Beyond the Ramparts: The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. A. 2017. General Raymond A. Thomas, III, U.S. Army, Commander United States Special Operations Command, Before the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, May 2, 2017.Google Scholar
U.S. Air Force. 2005. Air Force Instruction 16-401(I): Designating and Naming Defense Military Aerospace Vehicles. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force.Google Scholar
U.S. Air Force. 2014. F-35A Lightning II Conventional Takeoff and Landing Variant, Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force. Available at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/478441/f-35a-lightning-ii-conventional-takeoff-and-landing-variant.aspx (accessed July 5, 2014).Google Scholar
U.S. Air Force. 2015a. A-10 Thunderbolt II, Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force. Available at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104490/a-10-thunderbolt-ii.aspx (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Air Force. 2015b. F-22 Raptor Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force. Available at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104506/f-22-raptor.aspx (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 1995. DOD Instruction Number 7041.3, Economic Analysis for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2010. Selected Acquisition Report (SAR), F-35. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at http://breakingdefense.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2014/04/F-35-2013-SAR.pdf (accessed May 21, 2014).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2014. DoD Releases Fiscal 2015 Budget Proposal and 2014 QDR. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://archive.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=16567 (accessed April 21, 2014).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2015a. State of the Air Force Press Briefing by Secretary James and General Welsh in the Pentagon Briefing Room. News Transcript. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/606995/ (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2015b. Operation Inherent Resolve Targeted Operations Against ISIL Terrorists: Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0814_iraq/ (accessed June 11, 2015).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2016. Department of Defense (DoD) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President’s Budget Proposal. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/652687/department-of-defense-dod-releases-fiscal-year-2017-presidents-budget-proposal/ (accessed June 4, 2016).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2017a. DoD Releases Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1190216/dod-releases-fiscal-year-2018-budget-proposal/ (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2018a. F-35 Lightning II. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Strike Fighter Program. Available at http://www.jsf.mil/program/ (accessed July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2018b. FY17 Annual report, F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). Office of the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2017/pdf/dod/2017f35jsf.pdf (accessed March 3, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2018c. DoD Releases Fiscal Year 2019 Budget Proposal. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1438798/dod-releases-fiscal-year-2019-budget-proposal/ (accessed March 29, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2018d. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at http://policy.defense.gov/OUSDPOffices/ASDforSpecialOperationsLowIntensityConflict.aspx (accessed March 28, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2018e. President Signs Fiscal 2019 Defense Authorization Act at Fort Drum Ceremony. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1601016/president-signs-fiscal-2019-defense-authorization-act-at-fort-drum-ceremony/ (accessed August 30, 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense. 2018f. Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of The United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available at https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf (accessed September 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Wheeler, W. 2011. “USAF Cost Over-runs – DoD Micro-Look.” Public Intelligence Blog, September 22, 2011. Available at http://www.phibetaiota.net/2011/09/winslow-wheeler-usaf-cost-over-runs-dod-micro-look/ (accessed April 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Wheeler, W. 2013. The A-10 Warthog: A Core Defense Issue Washington Can No Longer Ignore. Seminar Given at the Straus Military Reform Project, Washington, DC, December 13, 2013. Available at https://www.pogo.org/investigation/2013/12/10-warthog-core-defense-issue-washington-can-no-longer-ignore/ (accessed June 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Wheeler, W. 2014. “How Much Does an F-35 Actually Cost?” War is Boring, July 27, 2014. Available at https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2014/07/how-much-does-f-35-actually-cost/ (accessed March 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Woody, C. 2018. “The Air Force has the Money It Needs for the A-10 Thunderbolt – But May Soon Get a New Partner to Help Keep it in the Air.” Business Insider, March 28, 2018. Available at https://www.businessinsider.com/air-force-a-10-wings-funds-new-contractor-2018-3/ (accessed July 19, 2019).Google Scholar
Yan, H., Levs, J., Labott, E. 2014. “U.S. Military: Airstrikes Against ISIS Won’t Save Key City of Kobani.” CNN, October 9, 2014. Available at http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/08/world/meast/isis-threat/ (accessed November 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Green and Zeckhauser supplementary material

Appendix

Download Green and Zeckhauser supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 2.7 MB