2. Preliminaries on Hawkes processes

A d-dimensional Hawkes process, $N=\{N(t), t\geq0\}$ with $N=\big(N_{k}\big)_{k=1,\dots,d}$ , is formally defined as an ${\mathbb N}^{d}$ -valued simple counting process with conditional intensity

(2.1) \begin{equation}\lambda_{k}(t)=\lambda_{k0}+\sum_{k^{\prime}=1}^{d}\sum_{j=1}^{N_{k^{\prime}}(t)}H_{kk^{\prime}}(t-\tau_{kj})=\lambda_{k0}+\sum_{k^{\prime}=1}^{d}\int_{0}^{t}H_{kk^{\prime}}(t-s)N_{k^{\prime}}(ds), \quad t\ge 0,\end{equation}

for every $k=1,\cdots,d$ , where $\tau_{kj}$ is the jth event time of $N_{k}$ ; $\lambda_{k0}\ge0$ is a constant called the baseline intensity of the kth subprocess; and $H_{kk^{\prime}}\;:\;{\mathbb R}_{+}\to{\mathbb R}_{+}$ is called the mutually exciting function or the kernel function, also known as the cross-exciting function for $k\neq k^{\prime}$ and the self-exciting function for $k=k^{\prime}$ .

Assumption A1. For all $k,k^{\prime}=1,\cdots,d$ , we have

(2.2) \begin{equation}\int_{0}^{\infty}H_{kk^{\prime}}(t)dt<\infty,\end{equation}

and the spectral radius $\rho(\|H\|_{1})$ of the matrix

\begin{equation*}\|H\|_{1} \;:\!=\;\Big(\int_{0}^{\infty}H_{kk^{\prime}}(t)dt\Big)_{k,k^{\prime}}\end{equation*}

satisfies $\rho(\|H\|_{1})<1$ .

The condition in (2.2) is also called the non-explosion criterion in [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Reference Daley and Vere-Jones5]. It is easy to calculate the mean of N(t):

(2.3) \begin{equation}\mathbb{E}[N(t)]=\mathbb{E}\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\lambda(s)ds\Big]=\Big(\int_{0}^{t}\big(I+\varphi*I(s)\big)ds\Big)\cdot\lambda_{0}, \quad t \ge 0\,.\end{equation}

Here $\lambda_{0}=\big(\lambda_{k0}\big)_{k}$ is the constant vector baseline intensity in (2.1), $\varphi*I(s)$ is a matrix with $\varphi_{kk^{\prime}}*1(s)=\int_{0}^{s}\varphi_{kk^{\prime}}(s-u)\,du$ at its (k, k ^′)th entry (we abuse notation to let $1(\cdot)$ indicate a constant function equal to one), and $\varphi$ is a $d\times d$ matrix defined as an $L^{1}(dt)$ limit of the following series:

(2.4) \begin{equation}\varphi(t)=H(t)+H*H(t)+H*H*H(t)+\cdots,\end{equation}

where $F*G$ is defined as the matrix having as each entry

\begin{equation*}\textrm{ent}_{ij} (F*G(t)) =\sum_{k} F_{ik}*G_{kj}(t)=\sum_{k} \int_{0}^{t}F_{ik}(t-s)G_{jk}(s)\,ds\end{equation*}

for matrix-valued functions F, G; see e.g. [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 2]. The function $\varphi$ can also be understood as the renewal density of the function H and satisfies the (matrix) renewal equation

\begin{equation*}\varphi(t)=H(t)+\int_{0}^{t}H(t-s)\varphi(s)ds.\end{equation*}

In addition, under Assumption A1,

(2.5) \begin{equation} I+\|\varphi\|_{1}=(I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}. \end{equation}

The functional law of large numbers for the Hawkes process N reads as follows [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 1]: under Assumption A1,

(2.6) \begin{equation}\sup_{t\in[0,1]}\Big\|\bar{N}_{T}(t)- (I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\lambda_{0}t\Big\|\to 0\quad \mbox{as}\quad T\to\infty,\end{equation}

almost surely and in $L^{2}(\mathbb{P})$ , where $\bar{N}_{T}(t)\;:\!=\;T^{-1}N(Tt)$ . The FCLT for the Hawkes process N is stated as follows [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 2]: under Assumption A1,

(2.7) \begin{equation}\hat{N}_{T}(t)\;:\!=\;\sqrt{T}\big(\bar{N}_{T}(t)- \mathbb{E}[\bar{N}_{T}(t)]\big)\Rightarrow \hat{N}(t) \quad \mbox{in}\quad ({\mathbb D}^{d},\, J_{1}),\end{equation}

as $T\to \infty$ , where

(2.8) \begin{equation} \hat{N}(t)\;:\!=\; (I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\Sigma^{1/2}\cdot W, \end{equation}

W is a d-dimensional standard Brownian motion, and

(2.9) \begin{equation}\Sigma=\textrm{diag}\big((I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\lambda_{0}\big).\end{equation}

3. Splitting of a one-dimensional Hawkes process

We now describe the random splitting mechanism of Hawkes processes. We first focus on the splitting of a one-dimensional Hawkes process for the sake of exposition. The splitting of a d-dimensional Hawkes process can be derived similarly and will be discussed in Section 5 together with aggregation. We provide two representations of the split processes: the first using the method in Chapter 9.5 of Whitt [Reference Whitt21], and the second using the immigration–birth branching representation. Note that for the case $d=1$ , Assumption A1 reduces to $\|H\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ .

3.1. The first representation

Let N be the Hawkes process in (2.1) with $d=1$ and self-exciting function $H\;:\;{\mathbb R}_{+}\to{\mathbb R}_{+}$ . Denoting by $\{\xi_{j},j\ge1\}$ the splitting variables, whenever $\xi_{j}=m$ , the jth individual occurring at $\tau_j$ is assigned to the mth split process. Under this standard splitting, the process N splits into n sub-counting processes, denoted by $N^{(m)}$ :

(3.1) \begin{equation}N^{(m)}(t)=\sum_{j=1}^{N(t)}\boldsymbol{1}(\xi_{j}=m)\quad \text{for every $m=1,2,\cdots,n$, and $t\ge0$.}\end{equation}

We assume that $\{\xi_{j},j\ge1\}$ is a sequence of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) variables, independent of N, with

(3.2) \begin{equation}\mathbb{P}\big(\xi_{j}=m\big)=p^{(m)}\quad \text{and}\quad \sum_{m=1}^{n}p^{(m)}=1.\end{equation}

By the independence between N and $\{\xi_j\}_{j}$ , it is easy to see that

(3.3) \begin{equation}\mathbb{E}[N^{(m)}(t)]=p^{(m)}\mathbb{E}[N(t)]=\lambda_{0}\, p^{(m)}\int_{0}^{t}\big(1+\varphi*1(s)\big)ds.\end{equation}

(Here $\varphi$ is an ${\mathbb R}_+$ -valued function.)

We consider the scaled process indexed by T, and all the variables are marked with an additional subscript T; that is, $N_{T}$ is a Hawkes process with intensity process $\lambda_{T}(\cdot)$ whose baseline intensity in (2.1) is $\lambda_{0,T}$ , and the kernel function H stays the same. The splitting variables are denoted by $\{\xi_{j,T},j\ge1\}$ with distribution $\{p^{(m)}_{T}\}_{m}$ .

Assumption A2. Assume that, for some $\lambda_{0},p^{(m)}>0$ with $\sum_{m=1}^{n}p^{(m)}=1$ ,

\begin{equation*}\lambda_{0,T}\to \lambda_{0}\quad \text{and}\quad p^{(m)}_{T}\to p^{(m)}\quad \mbox{as}\quad T\to\infty.\end{equation*}

For every $m=1,2,\cdots,d$ , define

\begin{equation*}\bar{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t)\;:\!=\; \frac{1}{T}N^{(m)}_{T}(Tt) = \frac{1}{T} \sum_{j=1}^{N_{T}(Tt)} \boldsymbol{1}(\xi_{j,T}=m)\end{equation*}

and the diffusion-scaled processes

(3.4) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t)\;:\!=\;\sqrt{T}\Big(\bar{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t)- \mathbb{E}\big[\bar{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t) \big] \Big)\quad \text{and}\quad \hat{S}^{(m)}_{T}(t)\;:\!=\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}} \sum_{j=1}^{\lfloor Tt \rfloor} \Big(\boldsymbol{1}(\xi_{j,T}=m) -p^{(m)}_{T}\Big),\end{equation}

where $\lfloor t \rfloor$ represents the largest integer no larger than $t\in{\mathbb R}_+$ . Then we have the first representation

(3.5) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t)= \hat{S}^{(m)}_{T} ( \bar{N}_{T}(t)) + p^{(m)}_{T} \hat{N}_{T}(t).\end{equation}

Note that in the representation (3.5), the process $\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}$ consists of two components: $\hat{S}^{(m)}_{T}$ represents the oscillation from the splitting scheme, and $p^{(m)}_{T}\hat{N}_{T}$ is the oscillation inherited from the original counting process and proportional to the splitting probability. Note that the processes $ \hat{S}^{(m)}_{T}$ and $ \hat{N}_{T}$ are independent, and in the limit we see that the two components $ \hat{S}^{(m)}_{T}\circ \bar{N}_{T}$ and $ p^{(m)}_{T}\hat{N}_{T}$ converge to two independent processes as $T\to \infty$ .

By applying [Reference Whitt21, Theorem 9.5.1], under Assumptions A1 and A2, provided with the limit for $\bar{N}_{T}$ in (2.6) and the limit for $\hat{N}_{T}$ in (2.8), we obtain the following.

Proposition 3.1. Let $(\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T})_{m}$ be the diffusion-scaled process in (3.4). Assume that $\|H\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ and Assumption A2 hold. We have

\begin{equation*}\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}\big)_{m}\Rightarrow \big(\hat{N}^{(m)}\big)_{m} \quad \mbox{in}\quad ({\mathbb D}^{n}, J_{1}) \quad \mbox{as}\quad T \to \infty,\end{equation*}

with

(3.6) \begin{equation}\begin{split}\hat{N}^{(m)}=&\ \frac{\lambda_{0}^{1/2}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{1/2}} \hat{S}^{(m)}+p^{(m)}\frac{\lambda_{0}^{1/2}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{3/2}}W,\end{split}\end{equation}

where $(\hat{S}^{(m)})_m$ is an n-dimensional Brownian motion with covariance function

\begin{equation*}\textrm{cov}\big(\hat{S}^{(m)}(t),\hat{S}^{(m')}(s)\big)=\big(\!-\!p^{(m)}p^{(m')}+p^{(m)}\delta_{mm'}\big)(t\wedge s),\end{equation*}

and W is a standard Brownian motion, independent of $(\hat{S}^{(m)})_m$ .

Therefore, the limit $\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is an n-dimensional Brownian motion with covariance

(3.7) \begin{equation}\textrm{cov}\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}(t),\hat{N}^{(m')}(s)\big)=(t\wedge s)\bigg(\frac{\lambda_{0}p^{(m)}(\delta_{mm'}-p^{(m')})}{1-\|H\|_{1}} + \frac{\lambda_{0}p^{(m)}p^{(m')}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{3}}\bigg).\end{equation}

3.2. The second representation

Recall the immigration–birth branching representation with chronological levels for the Hawkes process N described in (2.1), which generalizes the one proposed by [Reference Hawkes and Oakes12]. Basically, the points from N are categorized virtually into those from an exogenous arrival process, which are called migrants and/or the first generation, and those generated from existing points, which are called children, and whose chronological levels are obviously defined. Thus we rewrite

(3.8) \begin{equation}N(t)=\sum_{l\geq1} N_{l}(t),\end{equation}

where $N_{1}(t)=\sup\{j\geq1, \tau_{1j}\leq t\}$ is a Poisson process with parameter $\lambda_{0}$ representing the arrival rate of the immigrants, and $\tau_{1j}$ denotes the arrival time of the jth immigrant. For $l\geq1$ , $N_{l+1}(t)=\sup\{j\geq1, \tau_{(l+1)j}\leq t\}$ , representing the individuals of $(l+1)$ th generation, is an inhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity, by conditioning on $\mathscr{F}_{l}(t)$ , as follows:

(3.9) \begin{equation}\lambda_{l}(t)=\sum_{j=1}^{N_{l}(t)}H(t-\tau_{lj})=\int_{0}^{t}H(t-s)N_{l}(ds)\in\mathscr{G}_{l}(t),\end{equation}

where $\mathscr{G}_{l}(t)=\sigma\{N_{l}(s), s\leq t\}$ and $\mathscr{F}_{l}(t)=\bigvee_{1\leq l'\leq l}\mathscr{G}_{l'}(t)$ , and where $\tau_{lj}$ denotes the birth time of the jth child of the lth generation, which is produced by some individual in the $(l-1)$ th generation. Here $\mathscr{G}_{l}(t)$ represents the information produced by the lth generation, $\mathscr{F}_{l}(t)$ represents the information up to the lth generation, and $\mathscr{F}_{\infty}(t)=\bigvee_{l\ge1}\mathscr{F}_{l}(t)$ collects the information of all the generations up to time t, which includes not only the occurrence times of events but also the virtually defined generation information and hence is strictly larger than the information generated by N itself. Under the non-explosion assumption (2.2), $\lambda_{l}$ and $N_{l}$ are finite-valued and can be constructed pathwise. By conditioning and the additive property of the intensity for the independent counting processes, N in (3.8) is a simple counting process with conditional intensity in (2.1).

To describe the split processes with the branching generations, we further let $\{\xi_{lj}, j\ge1\}$ be the i.i.d. splitting variables for the individuals from $N_{l}$ , which have the same distributional properties as $\{\xi_{j},j\geq1\}$ in (3.1). Recall $p^{(m)}$ in (3.2). Let

(3.10) \begin{equation}N^{(m)}_{l}(t) \;:\!=\;\sum_{j=1}^{N_{l}(t)}\boldsymbol{1}(\xi_{lj}=m), \quad \text{for every $m=1,2,\cdots,n$}.\end{equation}

Then $N^{(m)}=\sum_{l\ge1} N^{(m)}_{l}$ .

Proposition 3.2. $\big(N^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is an n-dimensional Hawkes process, where the baseline intensity vector is $\big(p^{(m)}\lambda_{0}\big)_{m}$ and the mutual exciting matrix at the (m, m^′) entry is $p^{(m)}H$ ; that is, its intensity is given by

(3.11) \begin{equation}\lambda^{(m)}(t)=p^{(m)}\lambda(t)=p^{(m)}\lambda_{0}+\sum_{m'=1}^{n}\int_{0}^{t}\big(p^{(m)}H(t-s)\big)N^{(m')}(ds),\end{equation}

for every $m=1,2,\cdots,n$ , where $\lambda$ is the intensity for N in (2.1).

Remark 3.1. We remark that although the split process $\big(N^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is a multivariate Hawkes process, the cross-exciting function $H_{mm'}$ in the definition (2.1) takes a special form, $p^{(m)}H$ , independent of m ^′ in (3.11).

Proof. We show that $\big(N^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is a counting process with conditional jumping intensity $\big(\lambda^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ by evaluating its conditional jumping intensity.

For every l, notice that given $\{\mathscr{F}_{l}(t)\}_{t\ge0}$ , $\big(N^{(m)}_{l+1}\big)_{m}$ is a Poisson process with intensity $\lambda^{(m)}_{l}=p^{(m)}\lambda_{l}$ and independent among m. Therefore, conditioning on $\mathscr{F}_{\infty}(t)$ , the jumping intensity of $N^{(m)}$ at t is

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}\lambda^{(m)}(t)\;:\!=\;&\ \sum_{l\geq1}\lambda^{(m)}_{l-1}(t)=p^{(m)}\lambda(t)=p^{(m)}\Big(\lambda_{0}+\int_{0}^{t}H(t-s)N(ds)\Big)\\[5pt]=&\ p^{(m)}\lambda_{0}+\sum_{m'=1}^{d}\int_{0}^{t}\big(p^{(m)}H(t-s)\big) N^{(m')}(ds),\end{split}\end{equation*}

which is a process adapted to the natural filtration of $(N^{(m)})_{m}$ . This proves Proposition 3.2.

Recall $\hat{N}^{(m)}_T$ defined in (3.4). By applying [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 2] to Proposition 3.2, we obtain the following result.

Proposition 3.3. Suppose that $\|H\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ and Assumption A2 hold. We have

\begin{equation*}\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}\big)_{m}\Rightarrow \big(\hat{N}^{(m)}\big)_{m} \quad \mbox{$in$}\quad ({\mathbb D}^{n}, J_{1}) \quad \mbox{$as$}\quad T \to \infty,\end{equation*}

where $\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is a standard n-dimensional Brownian motion with covariance matrix

(3.12) \begin{equation}\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot\tilde{\Sigma}\cdot\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}^{\textrm{T}}\big)^{-1},\end{equation}

where $\displaystyle\tilde{\Xi}=\big(p^{(m)}\|H\|_{1}\big)_{mm'}$ and $\displaystyle \tilde{\Sigma}=\textrm{diag}(p)\frac{\lambda_{0}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}$ .

Proposition 3.4. The limits in Propositions 3.1 and 3.2 are equivalent in distribution.

Proof. To check the equivalence it suffices to show that the covariance functions in (3.7) coincide with the matrix in (3.12).

By definition we have

\begin{equation*}\tilde{\Xi}=\big(p^{(m)}\|H\|_{1}\big)_{mm'}=\textrm{diag}(p)\cdot\text{ones}(n)\cdot \|H\|_{1},\end{equation*}

where $\text{ones}(n)$ denotes the n-dimensional square matrix with 1 for all its entries. Under Assumption A1, the spectral radius of $\tilde{\Xi}$ is $\|H\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ . Therefore,

\begin{equation*}\tilde{\Xi}^{j}=\textrm{diag}(p)\cdot\text{ones}(n)\cdot \|H\|_{1}^{j},\end{equation*}

where we use the fact $\sum_{m=1}^{n}p^{(m)}=1$ in the identity. Thus,

\begin{equation*}\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}=I+\sum_{j\ge1}\tilde{\Xi}^{j}=I+\textrm{diag}(p)\cdot\text{ones}(n)\cdot \frac{\|H\|_{1}}{1-\|H\|_{1}},\end{equation*}

and from (2.8) and (2.9),

\begin{equation*}\tilde{\Sigma}=\textrm{diag}\Big(\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\big(p^{(m)}\lambda_{0}\big)_{m}\Big)=\textrm{diag}(p)\frac{\lambda_{0}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}.\end{equation*}

We then have

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}&\ \big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot\tilde{\Sigma}\cdot\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}^{\textrm{T}}\big)^{-1}\\[5pt]=&\ \bigg(I+\textrm{diag}(p)\cdot\text{ones}(n)\cdot \frac{\|H\|_{1}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\bigg)\textrm{diag}\bigg(\frac{\lambda_{0}p^{(m)}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\bigg)\\[5pt]& \qquad \times\bigg(I+\text{ones}(n)\cdot \frac{\|H\|_{1}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\cdot\textrm{diag}(p)^{\textrm{T}}\bigg)\\[5pt]=&\ \frac{\lambda_{0}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\,\textrm{diag}(p)+\lambda_{0}\frac{2\|H\|_{1}-\|H\|_{1}^{2}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{3}}\, p\cdot p^{\textrm{T}},\end{split}\end{equation*}

which coincides with the matrix in (3.7).

3.2.1. Another perspective via decomposed processes.

We have from [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Lemma 4] that

\begin{equation*}N^{(m)}(t)-\mathbb{E}\big[N^{(m)}(t)\big]=X^{(m)}(t)+p^{(m)}Y(t),\end{equation*}

where $X^{(m)}(t)=N^{(m)}(t)-\int_{0}^{t}\lambda^{(m)}(s)ds$ and

\begin{equation*}X(t)=\sum_{m=1}^{n}X^{(m)}(t)=N(t)-\int_{0}^{t}\lambda(s)ds, \qquad Y(t)=\int_{0}^{t}\varphi(t-s)X(s)ds.\end{equation*}

In addition to the process $N^{(m)}_{l}$ in the proof of Proposition 3.2, we further define

\begin{equation*}X^{(m)}_{l}(t)=N^{(m)}_{l}(t)-\int_{0}^{t}\lambda^{(m)}_{l-1}(s)ds=N^{(m)}_{l}(t)-p^{(m)}\int_{0}^{t}\lambda_{l-1}(s)ds.\end{equation*}

Then we also have $X^{(m)}=\sum_{l\ge1}X^{(m)}_{l}$ . By the conditional independence of the $X^{(m)}_{l}$ for $m=1,\dots,n$ and zero covariance for different l and l ^′ by definition, we obtain immediately the following covariance function of $X^{(m)}$ : for $m,m'=1,\dots,n$ and $t, s\ge 0$ ,

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}&\ \textrm{cov}\Big(X^{(m)}(t),X^{(m')}(s)\Big)= \mathbb{E}\bigg[\sum_{l\ge1}X^{(m)}_{l}(t)\sum_{l'\ge1}X^{(m')}_{l'}(s)\bigg]\\[5pt]=&\ \delta_{mm'}\sum_{l\ge1}\mathbb{E}\Big[X^{(m)}_{l}(t)X^{(m)}_{l}(s)\Big]= \delta_{mm'}\sum_{l\ge1}\mathbb{E}\bigg[\int_{0}^{t\wedge s}\lambda^{(m)}_{l-1}(u)du\bigg]\\[5pt]=&\ \delta_{mm'}p^{(m)}\sum_{l\ge1}\int_{0}^{t\wedge s}H^{(l-1)}*\lambda_{0}(u)du= \delta_{mm'}p^{(m)}\lambda_{0}\int_{0}^{t\wedge s}\big(1+\varphi*1(u)\big)du,\end{split}\end{equation*}

where $\delta_{mm'}=1$ if $m=m'$ and $\delta_{mm'}=0$ if $m\neq m'$ . Notice that $\big(X^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is a martingale with respect to the natural filtration $\big\{\sigma\big\{\big(N^{(m)}(s)\big)_{m}, s\leq t\big\}, t\ge0 \big\}$ , and its subprocesses $X^{(m)}_{l}$ do not jump at the same time.

Again we use the same scaling for the processes and quantities indexed by T. With the representations in the proposition, we can define $\big(N^{(m)}_{T}\big)_{m}$ and write

(3.13) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t)\;:\!=\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}}\Big(N^{(m)}_{T}(Tt)-\mathbb{E}\big[N^{(m)}_{T}(Tt)\big]\Big)= \hat{X}^{(m)}_{T}(t) + p^{(m)}_{T} \hat{Y}_{T}(t), \quad t\ge 0,\end{equation}

where for every $m=1,2,\cdots,n$ and $l\ge1$

\begin{equation*}\hat{X}^{(m)}_{l,T}(t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}}X^{(m)}_{l,T}(Tt)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}}\Big(N^{(m)}_{l,T}(t)-\int_{0}^{t}\lambda^{(m)}_{l-1,T}(s)ds\Big),\end{equation*}

with

(3.14) \begin{equation}\hat{X}^{(m)}_{T}(t)=\sum_{l\ge1}\hat{X}^{(m)}_{l,T}(t),\qquad \hat{X}_{T}(t)=\sum_{m=1}^{n}\hat{X}^{(m)}_{l,T}(t),\qquad \hat{Y}_{T}(t)=\int_{0}^{t} T \varphi(T(t-s))\hat{X}_{T}(s)ds.\end{equation}

Then we have from the immigration–birth representation that

(3.15) \begin{align} \mathbb{E}\Big[\bar{N}^{(m)}_{T}(t)\Big]=&\ \lambda_{0,T}p^{(m)}_{T}\cdot \int_{0}^{t}\big(1+\varphi*1(Ts)\big)ds,\end{align}

(3.16) \begin{align}\textrm{cov}\Big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{T}(t),\hat{X}^{(m')}_{T}(s)\Big)=&\ \delta_{mm'}\lambda_{0,T}p^{(m)}_{T}\cdot \int_{0}^{t\wedge s}\big(1+\varphi*1(Tu)\big)du.\end{align}

It is clear that given $\|H\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ and Assumption A2, by (2.5), we obtain that this covariance converges as $T\to \infty$ to

\begin{equation*}\delta_{mm'}\lambda_{0}p^{(m)} (1+\|\varphi\|_{1}) (t\wedge s) = \delta_{mm'}\lambda_{0}p^{(m)}(1-\|H\|_1)^{-1} (t\wedge s). \end{equation*}

We observe that the two components in the expression for $\hat{N}^{(m)}_{T}$ in (3.13) are intrinsically correlated, so that it appears to be more complicated than the first expression in (3.5); however, the martingale convergence method as in [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1] can be applied and results in the following proposition (proof details are omitted for brevity).

Proposition 3.5. Under the conditions of $\|H\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ and Assumption A2, $\big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{T}\big)_{m}\Rightarrow \big(\hat{X}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ in $({\mathbb D}^{n}, J_1)$ as $T\to\infty$ , where $\big(\hat{X}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is an n-dimensional Brownian motion with covariance function

\begin{equation*}\textrm{cov}\Big(\hat{X}^{(m)}(t),\hat{X}^{(m')}(s)\Big)=(t\wedge s)\cdot\delta_{mm'}\frac{\lambda_{0} p^{(m)}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\,.\end{equation*}

Thus, $\hat{Y}_{T}\Rightarrow \hat{Y}$ in $({\mathbb D}, J_1)$ as $T\to\infty$ , where

\begin{equation*}\hat{Y}=\frac{\|H\|_{1}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\hat{X}=\frac{\|H\|_{1}}{1-\|H\|_{1}}\sum_{m=1}^{n}\hat{X}^{(m)}.\end{equation*}

As a consequence, the process $\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ can also be represented as

(3.17) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}= \frac{\lambda_{0}^{1/2}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{1/2}}\Big(\sqrt{p^{(m)}}W^{(m)}\Big)+p^{(m)}\frac{\lambda_{0}^{1/2}\|H\|_{1}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{3/2}} W,\end{equation}

where $\big(W^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ is a standard n-dimensional Brownian motion, and $W=\sum_{m=1}^{n}\sqrt{p^{(m)}}W^{(m)}$ .

Remark 3.2. We observe that we can rewrite the expression for the limit $\hat{N}^{(m)}$ in (3.17) as

(3.18) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}= \frac{\lambda_{0}^{1/2}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{1/2}} \hat{S}^{(m)}+p^{(m)}\frac{\lambda_{0}^{1/2}}{(1-\|H\|_{1})^{3/2}}W,\end{equation}

where $\hat{S}^{(m)}\;:\!=\;\sqrt{p^{(m)}}W^{(m)}- p^{(m)}W$ . It can be checked by direct calculations that the two components $(\hat{S}^{(m)})_{m}$ and W in the second expression in (3.18) are independent. Moreover, for every m and m ^′,

\begin{equation*}\begin{split} & \textrm{cov}\big(\hat{S}^{(m)}(t),\hat{S}^{(m')}(s)\big) \\[5pt]&= \sqrt{p^{(m)}p^{(m')}}\mathbb{E}\big[W^{(m)}(t)W^{(m')}(s)\big]-p^{(m)}p^{(m')}\mathbb{E}\big[W^{(m)}(t)W^{(m)}(s)\big]\\[5pt]&\qquad -p^{(m)}p^{(m')}\mathbb{E}\big[W^{(m')}(t)W^{(m')}(s)\big]+ p^{(m)}p^{(m')}\mathbb{E}\big[W(t)W(s)\big]\\[5pt]&=p^{(m)}\big(\delta_{mm'}-p^{(m')}\big)(t\wedge s),\end{split}\end{equation*}

which is exactly the identity in (3.6). This also proves the equivalence of the limit in (3.17) and that in Proposition 3.1, and thus, equivalence with that in Proposition 3.3.

4. Aggregating Hawkes processes

Splitting a Hawkes process results a multivariate Hawkes process with special exciting function. However, the aggregation of a multivariate Hawkes process is not necessarily a Hawkes process. In the following, we identify a necessary and sufficient condition for the aggregated multivariate Hawkes process to be a one-dimensional Hawkes process.

Let $N=(N_{k})_{k}$ be a multivariate Hawkes process with conditional intensity in (2.1). The associated aggregating process of N is denoted by

(4.1) \begin{equation}A(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{d}N_{k}(t).\end{equation}

Then, similarly to the proof of Proposition 3.2, by conditioning on the natural filtration of $(N_{k})_{k}$ , the conditional jumping intensity is given by

\begin{equation*}\lambda_{A}(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{d}\lambda_{k}(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{d}\lambda_{k0}+ \sum_{k^{\prime}=1}^{d}\int_{0}^{t}\Big(\sum_{k=1}^{d}H_{kk^{\prime}}(t-s)\Big) N_{k^{\prime}}(ds),\end{equation*}

which is a process adapted to the natural filtration of $\big(N_{k}\big)_{k}$ . Note that the filtration generated by the vector process N is strictly larger than that of A. Thus, to make $\lambda_{A}$ above adapted to the natural filtration of A, an immediate observation is the following property.

Proposition 4.1. $A=\{A(t), t\ge0\}$ is a one-dimensional Hawkes process if and only if $\tilde{H}\;:\!=\;\sum_{k=1}^{d}H_{kk^{\prime}}$ is a function independent of k^′, under which the conditional intensity for A is

\begin{equation*}\lambda_A(t) =\sum_{k=1}^{d}\lambda_{k0}+\int_{0}^{t}\tilde{H}(t-s)A(ds)=e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\int_{0}^{t}\tilde{H}(t-s)A(ds).\end{equation*}

Remark 4.1. As a very special case, suppose that the $N_{k}$ are independent one-dimensional Hawkes processes with conditional intensity $\lambda_k(t) = \lambda_{k0} + \int_0^t H_k(t-s) N_k(ds)$ . Then

\begin{equation*}\lambda_A(t) = \sum_{k=1}^{d}\lambda_{k0}+ \sum_{k=1}^{d}\int_{0}^{t}H_{k}(t-s)N_{k}(ds).\end{equation*}

Thus, the aggregating process A is a Hawkes process with conditional intensity $\lambda_A(t) = e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\int_{0}^{t}H(t-s)A(ds)$ only if $H_k\equiv H$ .

Next we give another example to illustrate the property. Let N be a two-dimensional Hawkes process with positive baseline intensities $\lambda_{10},\lambda_{20}>0$ and with positive mutually exciting functions $(H_{ij})_{ij}$ . Then the associated aggregating process A is a Hawkes process if and only if $H_{11}+H_{21}=H_{12}+H_{22}$ .

Let $\hat{A}_{T}$ be the scaled aggregating process of the Hawkes process N,

\begin{equation*}\hat{A}_{T}(t)=\sqrt{T}\big(A(Tt)-\mathbb{E}\big[A(Tt)\big]\big)=e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \hat{N}_{T}(t).\end{equation*}

Proposition 4.2. Under Assumption A1, we have

(4.2) \begin{equation}\hat{A}_{T}\Rightarrow \hat{A}= e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}\cdot\Sigma^{1/2}\cdot W,\end{equation}

where W is a standard Brownian motion and $\Sigma=\textrm{diag}\big((I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\lambda_{0}\big)$ is the diagonal matrix in (2.9).

If, in addition, $\tilde{H}\;:\!=\;\sum_{k=1}^{d}H_{kk^{\prime}}$ is a function independent of k ^′, then $\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ and $\hat{A}$ is a Brownian motion with diffusion coefficient $\sum_{k=1}^{d}\lambda_{k0}\big(1-\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\big)^{-3}$ .

Proof. The limit result for $\hat{A}_{T}$ in (4.2) is a direct consequence of (2.7) for $\hat{N}_{T}$ and the continuous mapping theorem, which is a one-dimensional Brownian motion with diffusion coefficient

\begin{equation*}e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}\cdot\Sigma\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}^{T}\big)^{-1}\cdot e.\end{equation*}

For the special case that $\sum_{k}H_{kk^{\prime}}$ is independent of k ^′, since it is a Hawkes process, we can directly apply [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 2] to the one-dimensional Hawkes process A with the second expression for $\lambda_A(t)$ in Proposition 4.1 and obtain the diffusion coefficient as stated. We next verify that the expression can be also obtained from that in (4.2). We have $e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot H(t)=e^{\textrm{T}} \tilde{H}(t)$ and

\begin{equation*}e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \|H\|_{1}=e^{\textrm{T}} \|\tilde{H}\|_{1},\end{equation*}

which shows that $\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}$ and $e^{\textrm{T}}$ are the left eigenvalue and the associated eigenvector of the kernel matrix $\|H\|_{1}$ . Therefore, $\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\in(0,1)$ by Assumption A1,

\begin{equation*}e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\|H\|_{1}^{j}=e^{\textrm{T}}\big(\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\big)^{j}\quad \text{and}\quad e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}=e^{\textrm{T}}\big(1-\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\big)^{-1},\end{equation*}

and the diffusion coefficient for $\hat{A}$ is

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}&\ e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\Sigma\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1}^{\textrm{T}})^{-1}\cdot e= e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e \big(1-\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\big)^{-2}\\[5pt]=&\ e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}\cdot \lambda_{0}\big(1-\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\big)^{-2}=e^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}\big(1-\|\tilde{H}\|_{1}\big)^{-3}.\end{split}\end{equation*}

Here we make use of the fact that $\textrm{diag}(u)\cdot e=u$ for a vector u.

5. Splitting and aggregating multivariate Hawkes processes

Now we consider randomly splitting and aggregating a multivariate Hawkes process $N=\big(N_{k}\big)_{k}$ in (2.1). Let $\{\xi_{kj}\}_{k,j}$ be the splitting variables: whenever $\xi_{kj}=m$ , the jth individual of the kth component counting process $N_k$ (occurring at $\tau_{kj}$ ) is assigned to the mth sub-counting process. Then the $\mathbb{N}^{d}$ -valued Hawkes process $\big(N_{k}\big)_{k}$ splits into an $\mathbb{N}^{d\times n}$ -valued process $\big(N^{(m)}_{k}\big)_{k,m}$ and

\begin{equation*}N^{(m)}_{k}(t)=\sum_{j=1}^{N_{k}(t)}\boldsymbol{1}(\xi_{kj}=m)\quad \text{for every} \, k,\, m,\end{equation*}

where $\{\xi_{kj}\}_{j}$ are i.i.d. variables, independent of N, with distribution

\begin{equation*}\mathbb{P}\big(\xi_{kj}=m\big)=p^{(m)}_{k}\quad \text{and}\quad \sum_{m=1}^{n}p^{(m)}_{k}=1\quad \text{for every} \, k,\, m.\end{equation*}

We consider the following aggregated process:

\begin{equation*}A^{(m)}(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{d}N^{(m)}_{k}(t), \quad t\ge 0.\end{equation*}

By the procedure of splitting and then aggregating, we have transformed a d-dimensional Hawkes process into an n-dimensional counting process.

Before we proceed to study the properties of the split and aggregated processes, we discuss some potential applications. This often occurs when demands require re-categorization in order for them to be processed. In an insurance company, demands may arrive as a bivariate Hawkes process comprising home insurance and automobile insurance, each of which may be split into claims and new personal/commercial services, which will be processed by the corresponding service departments. In a remanufacturing facility, different products may arrive as a multivariate Hawkes process, then be split and aggregated, given the different component reprocessing needs, in order to be reprocessed at the corresponding machines. Similarly, in a data center, jobs may arrive as a multivariate Hawkes process, which must be regrouped in order to be processed at separate parallel servers because of computational requirements or constraints.

Similarly to Propositions 3.2 and 4.1, the Hawkes property is preserved for the splitting process indexed by (k, m), and the aggregated process $A^{(m)}$ is a Hawkes process under certain conditions.

For example, let $d=n$ and let $\{m_{k}\}_{k}$ be a permutation of $\{1,2,\cdots,d\}$ with $p^{(m_{k})}_{k}=1$ . Then we have from this assumption that $N^{(m)}_{k}(\infty)=0$ for $m\neq m_{k}$ and $A^{(m_{k})}=N_{k}$ for every k. This means $(A^{(m)})_{m}$ defines a rotated Hawkes process which switches the positions of individuals. It is of course Hawkes; however,

\begin{equation*}\sum_{k=1}^{d}p_{k}^{(m_{k_{0}})}H_{kk^{\prime}}=p^{(m_{k_{0})}}_{k_{0}}H_{k_{0}k^{\prime}}=H_{k_{0}k^{\prime}}\end{equation*}

depends on k ^′ for every $k_{0}$ .

We consider the scaled process indexed by T, and all the variables are marked with additional subscripts T; that is, $N_{T}=\big(N_{k,T}\big)_{k}$ is a Hawkes process whose baseline intensity is $\lambda_{0,T}=(\lambda_{k0,T})_{k}\in{\mathbb R}_{+}^{d}$ , and the kernel matrix function $H\in{\mathbb R}_{+}^{d\times d}$ stays the same. The splitting variables $\{(\xi_{kj,T})_{k}\}_{j}$ have subscripts T and distribution matrix $(p^{(m)}_{k,T})_{k,m}\in{\mathbb R}_{+}^{d\times n}$ , which results in the splitting process $\big(N^{(m)}_{k,T}\big)_{k,m}$ . The average process and the diffusion-scaled process are defined by

\begin{equation*}\bar{N}_{T}(t)=\Big(\frac{1}{T}N^{(m)}_{k,T}(Tt)\Big)_{k,m}\quad \text{and}\quad \hat{N}_{T}(t)=\Big(\hat{N}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t)\Big)_{k,m}=\sqrt{T}\Big(\bar{N}_{T}(t)-\mathbb{E}\big[\bar{N}_{T}(t)\big]\Big).\end{equation*}

Assumption A3. Assume that for some $\lambda_{k0},p^{(m)}_{k}\ge0$ with $\sum_{m=1}^{n}p^{(m)}_{k}=1$ for every k,

\begin{equation*}\lambda_{k0,T}\to \lambda_{k0}\quad and \quad p^{(m)}_{k,T}\to p^{(m)}_{k}\quad \mbox{$as$}\quad T\to\infty.\end{equation*}

We are interested in the FCLT of the aggregating process $(A^{(m)}_{T})_{m}$ , defined by

\begin{equation*}\hat{A}^{(m)}_{T}=\sum_{k=1}^{d}\hat{N}^{(m)}_{k,T}.\end{equation*}

Theorem 5.1. Suppose Assumptions A1 and A3 hold. We have

\begin{equation*}\big(\hat{A}^{(m)}_{T}\big)_{m}\Rightarrow\big(\hat{A}^{(m)}\big)_{m}\quad \text{$in$ $({\mathbb D}^{n},J_{1})$},\end{equation*}

where $(\hat{A}^{m})_{m}$ is an n-dimensional Brownian motion with covariance function

\begin{equation*}\begin{split} \textrm{cov}\big(\hat{A}^{(m)}(t),\hat{A}^{(m')}(s)\big)=&\ (t\wedge s)\times\Big(\textrm{diag}\big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e\big)-p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot p\\[5pt]&\quad +p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\Sigma\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1}^{\textrm{T}})^{-1}\cdot p\Big),\end{split}\end{equation*}

where $\Sigma=\textrm{diag}\big((I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\lambda_{0}\big)$ is the diagonal matrix in (2.8).

Proof. Applying [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Lemma 4] to $\big(N^{(m)}_{k,T}\big)_{k,m}$ we have the representation

(5.1) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t)=\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t)+ p^{(m)}_{k,T}\hat{Y}_{k,T}(t)\end{equation}

where

\begin{equation*}\begin{gathered}\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}}\Big(N^{(m)}_{k,T}(Tt)-\int_{0}^{Tt}\lambda^{(m)}_{k,T}(s)ds\Big),\\[5pt]\hat{X}_{T}(t)=\big(\hat{X}_{k,T}(t)\big)_{k}=\sum_{m=1}^{n}\big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t)\big)_{k}\quad \text{and}\quad \hat{Y}_{k,T}(t)=\int_{0}^{t}\textrm{row}_{k}\big(\varphi(T(t-s))\big)\hat{X}_{T}(s)ds,\end{gathered}\end{equation*}

and where $\varphi$ is the matrix function defined in (2.4). Moreover, similarly to (3.15) and (3.16),

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}\mathbb{E}\big[\bar{N}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t)\big]=&\ p^{(m)}_{k,T}\cdot \textrm{ent}_{k}\Big(\int_{0}^{t}\big(I+\varphi*1(Ts)\big)ds\cdot\lambda_{0,T}\Big),\\[5pt]\textrm{cov}\Big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k,T}(t),\hat{X}^{(m')}_{k^{\prime},T}(s)\Big)=&\ \delta_{kk^{\prime}}\delta_{mm'}p^{(m)}_{k,T}\cdot \textrm{ent}_{k}\Big(\int_{0}^{t}\big(I+\varphi*1(Ts)\big)ds\cdot\lambda_{0,T}\Big).\end{split}\end{equation*}

Therefore, we have

\begin{equation*}\Big(\big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k,T}\big)_{k,m},\big(\hat{Y}_{k,T}\big)_{k}\Big)\Rightarrow\Big(\big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k}\big)_{k,m},\big(\hat{Y}_{k}\big)_{k}\Big),\end{equation*}

where, for some standard Brownian motion $(W^{(m)}_{k})_{k,m}$ ,

\begin{equation*}\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k}=\sqrt{p^{(m)}_{k}\Sigma_{kk}} W^{(m)}_{k},\quad \hat{Y}_{k}=\textrm{row}_{k}\big(\|\varphi\|_{1}\big)\sum_{m=1}^{n}\Big(\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k^{\prime}}\Big)_{k^{\prime}}\end{equation*}

\begin{equation*}\quad \text{and}\quad \hat{N}^{(m)}_{k}=\hat{X}^{(m)}_{k}+p^{(m)}_{k}\hat{Y}_{k}.\end{equation*}

A direct calculation shows that

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}\textrm{cov}\Big(\hat{N}^{(m)}_{k}(t),&\ \hat{N}^{(m')}_{k^{\prime}}(s)\Big)=(t\wedge s)\times\Big(\delta_{kk^{\prime}}\Sigma_{kk}p^{(m)}_{k}\big(\delta_{mm'}-p^{(m')}_{k^{\prime}}\big)\\[5pt]&\ + p^{(m)}_{k}p^{(m')}_{k^{\prime}}\textrm{ent}_{kk^{\prime}}\big((I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\Sigma\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1}^{\textrm{T}})^{-1}\big)\Big).\end{split}\end{equation*}

Summing over k and k ^′ gives the covariance function for $\big(\hat{A}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ .

Remark 5.2. From the proof, we have a second representation for $\big(\hat{N}^{(m)}_{k}\big)_{k,m}$ :

(5.2) \begin{equation}\hat{N}^{(m)}_{k}= \Sigma_{kk}^{1/2}\hat{S}^{(m)}_{k}+p^{(m)}_{k}\textrm{row}_{k}\big((I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\big)\Sigma^{1/2}W,\end{equation}

where $\big(W^{(m)}_{k}\big)_{k,m}$ is the standard Brownian motion in the proof, and

\begin{equation*}W_{k}=\sum_{m=1}^{n}\sqrt{p^{(m)}_{k}}W^{(m)}_{k},\quad \hat{S}^{(m)}_{k}=\sqrt{p^{(m)}_{k}}W^{(m)}_{k}-p^{(m)}_{k}W_{k},\quad \text{and}\quad W=(W_{k})_{k}\in{\mathbb R}^{d}.\end{equation*}

Then $\big(W_{k}\big)$ is an n-dimensional standard Brownian motion; $\big\{(\hat{S}^{(m)}_{k})_{m}, \,k=1,2,\cdots,d\big\}$ is a sequence of Brownian motions independent of $(W_{k})_{k}$ and over k; and

\begin{equation*}\textrm{cov}\big(\hat{S}^{(m)}_{k}(t),\hat{S}^{(m')}_{k}(s)\big)=(t\wedge s)\times p^{(m)}_{k}\big(\delta_{mm'}-p^{(m')}_{k}\big).\end{equation*}

Under the conditions of Proposition 5.1(ii), $(A^{(m)}_{T})_{m}$ becomes a multivariate Hawkes process. Thus, [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 2] can be applied directly and we have a second representation for its covariances.

Proposition 5.2. Suppose $\tilde{H}^{(m)}_{T}=\sum_{k=1}^{d}p^{(m)}_{k,T}H_{kk^{\prime}}$ is independent of k^′, and Assumptions A1 and A3 hold. Then the covariance function for $\hat{A}=\big(\hat{A}^{(m)}\big)_{m}$ in Theorem 5.1 can also be represented as

(5.3) \begin{equation}\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot\textrm{diag}\Big(\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}\Big)\cdot\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}^{\textrm{T}}\big)^{-1},\end{equation}

where $\tilde{\Xi}=p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\textrm{col}_{1}\big(\|H\|_{1}\big)\cdot e_{n}^{\textrm{T}}$ , and $e_{n}$ is the n-dimensional column vector of ones.

Proof. By assumption, $(A^{(m)}_{T})_{m}$ is a Hawkes process with conditional intensity

\begin{equation*}\lambda^{(m)}_{A,T}(t)=\Big(\sum_{k=1}^{d}p^{(m)}_{k,T}\lambda_{k0,T}\Big)+\sum_{m'=1}^{n}\int_{0}^{t}\tilde{H}^{(m)}_{T}(t-s)A^{(m')}_{T}(ds).\end{equation*}

The representation for the covariance function in (5.3) follows from (2.7) by [Reference Bacry, Delattre, Hoffmann and Muzy1, Theorem 2]. In the following, we show that (5.3) coincides with the covariance in Theorem 5.1 in this special case.

Defining $\displaystyle \nu=p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \textrm{col}_{1}\big(\|H\|_{1}\big)$ and $c_{0}=\nu^{\textrm{T}}\cdot e_{n}$ , we have

(5.4) \begin{equation}\tilde{\Xi}=\nu\cdot e_{n}^{\textrm{T}},\quad p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \|H\|_{1}=\nu\cdot e_{d}^{\textrm{T}},\quad \text{and}\quad e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \|H\|_{1}=c_{0}\cdot e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\end{equation}

by the fact that $p\cdot e_{n}=e_{d}$ . Thus, $c_{0}$ and $e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}$ are the right eigenvalue and the associated eigenvector of $\|H\|_{1}$ , and $c_{0}\in(0,1)$ by Assumption A1. We further have, for $\tilde{\Xi}$ ,

\begin{equation*}\tilde{\Xi}^{j}=\nu\cdot e_{n}^{\textrm{T}}\big(e_{n}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \nu\big)^{j-1}=c_{0}^{j-1}\cdot\tilde{\Xi}\quad \text{and}\quad \big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}=I+ \frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\nu\cdot e_{n}^{\textrm{T}},\end{equation*}

and

\begin{equation*}\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}=p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\nu\cdot e_{n}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}=p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\nu.\end{equation*}

Therefore, we have

(5.5) \begin{align}& \big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot\textrm{diag}\Big(\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}\big)^{-1}\cdot p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}\Big)\cdot\big(I-\tilde{\Xi}^{\textrm{T}}\big)^{-1} \nonumber \\[5pt] & \quad = \textrm{diag}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\nu\Big)+ \frac{1}{(1-c_{0})^{2}}\nu\cdot e_{n}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}+\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\nu\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}\Big) \nonumber \\[5pt]&\qquad +\frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}\cdot \nu^{\textrm{T}}+ \nu\cdot\lambda^{\textrm{T}}\cdot p+ 2\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\nu\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}\Big) \end{align}

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}=&\ \textrm{diag}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\nu\Big)+ \frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}+\nu\cdot\lambda_{0}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot p\Big) \\[5pt]& \quad +\big(\nu\cdot \nu^{\textrm{T}}\big)\Big(\frac{2e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{(1-c_{0})^{2}} +\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{(1-c_{0})^{3}}\Big),\end{split}\end{equation*}

where we make use of the fact that $\textrm{diag}(u)\cdot e=u$ for the vector u in the calculation.

On the other hand, for the covariance function in Theorem 5.1 in this special case, we have

(5.6) \begin{align}p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}& =p^{\textrm{T}}+ \sum_{j\ge1} p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \|H\|_{1}^{j}=p^{\textrm{T}}+ \sum_{j\ge1} \nu\cdot e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \|H\|_{1}^{j-1} \nonumber \\[5pt]& =p^{\textrm{T}}+ \frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\, \nu\cdot e_{d}^{\textrm{T}},\end{align}

where the fact from (5.4) is used. Thus, by the definition $\Sigma\cdot e_{d}=(I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\lambda_{0}$ , we have

(5.7) \begin{equation}\begin{split}p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \Sigma\cdot e_{d}=&\ p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}\cdot\lambda_{0}=p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\nu\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}} \,,\\[5pt]p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \Sigma\cdot e_{d}\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}=&\ p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}+ \frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}} \big(\nu\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}\big) \,,\\[5pt]e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e_{d}=&\ e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\big(I-\|H\|_{1}\big)^{-1}\cdot\lambda_{0}=\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\,,\end{split}\end{equation}

where the fact that $e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\|H\|_{1}=c_{0}\cdot e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}$ is used.

Therefore, by applying the identities in (5.6) and (5.7), we obtain

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}&\ \textrm{diag}\big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e\big)+p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1})^{-1}\cdot\Sigma\cdot(I-\|H\|_{1}^{\textrm{T}})^{-1}\cdot p-p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot p\\[5pt]=&\ \textrm{diag}\big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e\big)+ \frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e_{d}\cdot\nu^{\textrm{T}}+ \nu\cdot e_{d}\cdot \Sigma\cdot p\Big) \\[5pt] & \qquad + \frac{1}{(1-c_{0})^{2}}\Big(\nu\cdot e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\Sigma\cdot e_{d}\cdot \nu^{\textrm{T}}\Big)\\[5pt]=&\ \textrm{diag}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}+\nu\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{1-c_{0}}\Big)+ \frac{1}{1-c_{0}}\Big(p^{\textrm{T}}\cdot \lambda_{0}\cdot \nu^{\textrm{T}}+ \nu\cdot \lambda_{0}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot p+ \nu\cdot \nu^{\textrm{T}} \frac{2e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{(1-c_{0})}\Big) \\[5pt] & \qquad +\nu\cdot \nu^{\textrm{T}}\Big(\frac{e_{d}^{\textrm{T}}\cdot\lambda_{0}}{(1-c_{0})^{3}}\Big).\end{split}\end{equation*}

Comparing with the expression in (5.5), we conclude the equivalence.