Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T12:12:47.181Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Changes induced by cowpea green manure and farmyard manure in the timing of phenological events in maize (Zea mays)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

G. C. Aggarwal  and
N. K. Sekhon
G. C. Aggarwal
Affiliation:
Department of Soils, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
N. K. Sekhon
Affiliation:
Department of Soils, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The effect of cowpea green manure (CGM) and farmyard manure (FYM) on phenological events in maize grown with different rates of nitrogen (N) was evaluated at Ludhiana, India in 1988–89 as part of a long-term experiment on sandy loam. Tasselling (T), anthesis (A), silking (S), maturity (M) and appearance of leaves were recorded in 1988 and 1989 from plots of maize manured with cowpea and FYM and grown at 0, 75 and 125 kg N/ha. Time to phenological events was calculated in terms of calendar days and growing degree units (GDU).

Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N. The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it and the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively. Maturity was earlier than in the control by 65·0 GDU. Leaf emergence occurred earlier after organic manuring. Farmyard manure advanced development less than CGM. Changes in phenological events due to N followed the same pattern of changes as those found with organic manures. Time from sowing to onset of T, A, S and M, and the interval between T, A, S and M were significantly correlated with yield and yield-related characters. Desirable changes in the timing of phenological events are thus one of the factors contributing to the improvement in productivity caused by organic manures. Calendar day was found to be as accurate an index as GDU for evaluation of the effect of cultural practices on phenological events.

Type
Crops and Soils
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 117 , Issue 2 , October 1991 , pp. 157 - 163
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aggarwal, G. C. & Singh, N. T. (1983). Effect of green manure crops on energy and economic returns from cereal based rotations in Northern India. In Energy Conservation and Use of Renewable Energy in the Bio-industries, Vol. 2 (Ed. Vogt, F.), p. 1. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Aggarwal, G. C., Singh, N. T. & Sidhu, A. S. (1986). Energy summation indices for wheat as influenced by soil environment. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 34, 237–239.Google Scholar
Barker, G. L., Hatfield, J. L. & Wanjura, D. F. (1985). Cotton phenology parameters affected by wind. Field Crops Research 12, 33–47.Google Scholar
Carlson, J. D. & Gage, S. H. (1989). Influence of temperature upon crop and insect pest phenologies for field corn and the role of planting date upon their interrelationships. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 45, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daughtry, C. S. T., Cochran, J. C. & Hollinger, S. E. (1984). Estimating silking and maturity dates of corn for large areas. Agronomy Journal 76, 415–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daynard, T. B. & Kannenberg, L. W. (1976). Relationships between length of actual and effective filling periods and the grain yield of corn. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 56, 237–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daynard, T. B., Tanner, J. W. & Duncan, W. G. (1971). Duration of the grain filling period and its relation to grain yield in corn, Zea mays L. Crop Science 11, 45–48.Google Scholar
Du, Plessis D. F. & Dukhuis, F. J. (1967). The influence of the time lag between pollen shedding and silking on the yield of maize. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 10, 667–674.Google Scholar
French, V. & Hodges, T. (1985). Comparison of crop phenology models. Agronomy Journal 77, 170–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanway, J. J. (1963). Growth stages of corn. Agronomy Journal 55, 487–492.Google Scholar
Hartt, C. E. (1969). Effect of potassium deficiency upon translocation of 14C in attached blades and entire plants of sugarcane. Plant Physiology 44, 1461–1469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrero, M. P. & Johnson, R. R. (1981). Drought stress and its effects on maize reproductive systems. Crop Science 21, 105–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwata, F. (1975). Heat unit concept of crop maturity. In Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming (Ed. Gupta, U. S.), pp. 351–370. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Kiniry, J. R., Ritchie, J. T. & Musser, R. L. (1983). Dynamic nature of the photoperiod response in maize. Agronomy Journal 75, 700–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskina, M. S., Bijay-Singh, , Yadvinder-Singh, , Baddesha, H. S. & Meelu, O. P. (1988). Fertilizer requirement of rice–wheat and maize–wheat rotations on coarsetextured soils with farmyard manure. Fertilizer Research 17, 153–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menary, R. C. & Staden, J. Van (1976). Effect of phosphorus nutrition and cytokinins on flowering in the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.). Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 3, 201–205.Google Scholar
Moss, G. & Downey, L. A. (1971). Influence of drought stress on female gametophyte development in corn (Zea mays L.) and subsequent grain yield. Crop Science 11, 368–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muchow, R. C. (1985). Phenology, seed yield and water use of grain legumes grown under different soil water regimes in a semi-arid tropical environment. Field Crops Research 11, 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narwal, S. S., Poonia, S., Singh, G. & Malik, D. S. (1986). Influence of sowing dates on the growing degree days and phenology in winter maize (Zea mays L.). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38, 47–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peaslee, D. E. & Moss, D. N. (1966). Photosynthesis in K and Mg-deficient maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Proceedings, Soil Science Society of America 30, 220–223.Google Scholar
Peaslee, D. E., Ragland, J. L. & Duncan, W. G. (1971). Grain filling period of corn as influenced by phosphorus, potassium, and the time of planting. Agronomy Journal 63, 561–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. R., Kirby, E. J. M., Day, W., Adam, J. S., Appleyard, M., Ayling, S., Baker, C. K., Beale, P., Belford, R. K., Biscoe, P. V., Chapman, A., Fuller, M. P., Hampson, J., Hay, R. K. M., Hough, M. N., Matthews, S., Thompson, W. J., Weir, A. H., Willington, V. B. A. & Wood, D. W. (1987). An analysis of morphological developmental stages in Avalon wheat crops with different sowing dates and at ten sites in England and Scotland. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 109, 107–121.Google Scholar
Rachhpal-Singh, , Vig, A. C. & Singh, N. T. (1982). Nitrogen substitution with green manures in maize-wheat rotation. Indian Journal of Agronomy 27, 371–376.Google Scholar
Sharma, R. C. & Sharma, H. C. (1988). Usefulness of organic manures and their nitrogen fertilizer equivalents. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 111, 193–195.Google Scholar
Sharma, R. C., Govindakrishnan, P. M., Singh, R. P. & Sharma, H. C. (1988). Effect of farmyard manure and green manures on crop yields and nitrogen needs of potato-based cropping systems in Punjab. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 110, 499–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, R. H. & Thom, H. C. S. (1951 a). On the phenology of field corn, the vegetative period. Agronomy Journal 43, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, R. H. & Thom, H. C. S. (1951 b). On the phenology of field corn, silking to maturity. Agronomy Journal 43, 541–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, N. T., Aggarwal, G. C. & Brar, G. S. (1984). Effect of soil moisture stress on heat unit requirement of wheat at maturity. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 54, 442–444.Google Scholar
Stevens, E. J., Stevens, S. J., Flowerday, A. D., Gardner, C. O. & Eskridge, K. M. (1986). Developmental morphology of dent corn and pop corn with respect to growth staging and crop growth models. Agronomy Journal 78, 867–874.Google Scholar
Warrington, I. J. & Kanemasu, E. T. (1983). Corn growth response to temperature and photoperiod. 1. Seedling emergence, tassel initiation and anthesis. Agronomy Journal 75, 749–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar