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L'ESPANSIONE DEL POTERE GIUDIZIARIO NELLE DEMOCRAZIE CONTEMPORANEE
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 July 2018
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In una recente rassegna dei rapporti fra magistratura e politica – dal significativo titolo «L'espansione globale del potere giudiziario» (Tate e Vallinder 1995) – si è giunti parlare di un processo di «giudiziarizzazione della politica» che interessa ormai tutti i regimi democratici, e cioè di un'«espansione del raggio d'azione dei tribunali o dei giudici a spese dei politici e/o degli amministratori: in altre parole lo spostamento dei diritti di decisione dal legislativo, il governo o l'amministrazione verso i tribunali» (Vallinder 1995, 13). Le ragioni di questo fenomeno sono numerose e vanno collegate a tendenze di lungo periodo che si manifestano, ma con maggior o minor forza, in tutti i regimi democratici (Pederzoli 1990). In realtà, non si tratta di un fenomeno del tutto nuovo in paesi come gli Stati Uniti, ma di recente si è manifestato anche nelle democrazie dell'Europa latina: Spagna, Francia e soprattutto Italia. Per comprendere le ragioni alla base di questa nuova rilevanza dell'azione giudiziaria analizzeremo questi tre casi insieme a Stati Uniti – un sistema politico da sempre contraddistinto da un notevole attivismo giudiziario – Inghilterra e Germania, due paesi che, pur appartenendo a due diverse tradizioni giuridiche – rispettivamente di common e civil law – sono stati caratterizzati, almeno fino ad oggi, da una minore propensione della magistratura a intervenire nel processo politico1.
Summary
All democratic regimes seem to be interested, at least to a certain extent, by a process of judicialization of politics. Here, the trend is analyzed by focusing on the way the judicial system is organized. Even in this domain the elements conducive to an expansion of the role played by the judiciary in a democracy are several. First of all, the larger the jurisdiction – i.e. the cases which can be brought to justice – the higher the political significance of the judiciary. More ambiguous is the effect of decisional cohesion as well as the influence of the highest courts in the judicial system. Even though a cohesive judicial system could intervene more effectively in the political process, some autonomy is necessary in order that strong relationships develop between the judiciary and the political environment. Another set of elements concerns access to justice. Here, procedural rules on standing are especially important, since they allow groups to exploit the judicial process. However, a crucial part is played, especially in the criminal field, by the public prosecutor, whose powers and status are extremely relevant. Finally, the powers of the judge in the process, and especially judicial review of legislation, must be taken into account. Unlike the United States, in Europe judicial review has been traditionally concentrated in the hands of a specialized court. However, since ordinary judges are normally in charge of filtering the cases to such a court, they enjoy a discretion that the process of European unification – with the emergence of a sort of European constitution – is further enhancing.
- Type
- Saggi
- Information
- Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , August 1996 , pp. 269 - 315
- Copyright
- Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica
References
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