Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T17:08:12.158Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

IL CAMBIAMENTO DEI CLEAVAGES POLITICI IN EUROPA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Hanspeter Kriesi

Introduzione

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In questo lavoro discuterò un aspetto dell'opera di Stein Rokkan che ha prodotto un'ondata di recenti pubblicazioni e di cui io stesso mi sono occupato. Mi riferisco al ruolo dei cleavages nella politica dell'Europa occidentale contemporanea. Le principali argomentazioni del grande scienziato politico norvegese sulle strutture di conflitto nelle società dell'Europa occidentale e sulla loro trasposizione in sistemi partitici sono state proposte nel famoso saggio Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voting Alignments che Rokkan scrisse con Seymour M. Lipset (Lipset e Rokkan 1967). La sua idea consisteva nel collegare le configurazioni dei sistemi partitici europei contemporanei alle divisioni sociali e culturali che caratterizzavano le società europee all'epoca della formazione dei sistemi partitici, nella seconda metà del diciannovesimo secolo. Quando emerse la politica democratica, queste divisioni tradizionali opponevano principalmente gruppi sociali definiti in termini di religione, classe, unità territoriale ed etnia. Come è noto, Lipset e Rokkan sostennero che queste divisioni tradizionali erano state politicamente «congelate» e che, all'epoca in cui scrivevano (1967), i sistemi partitici europei riflettevano ancora la struttura delle divisioni della società che era esistita nei primi anni '20, quando le masse popolari avevano fatto il loro ingresso nella politica democratica.

Summary

Summary

The article discusses the issue of the persistence and change of the cleavage structures in Western European party systems. The question is addressed by distinguishing the structural, cultural and organizational components of the concept of cleavage.

From the structural point of view, the author hypothesizes that the new middle class is increasingly polarized between managers and socio-cultural specialists, the former holding «right-authoritarian» values and the latter holding «left-libertarian» ones. This hypothesis is discussed in consideration of the fact that career choices may be determined by values, and that also the generational, religious and urban/rural components may have an impact on values. An empirical test, based on votes for the left declared in the Swiss National Election Survey 1995, shows the differences in the patterns of relationship between structure and culture in cantons characterized by different traditions as far as the organizational aspect of the cleavage structure is concerned. Where the traditional cleavages are more enduring, it is less likely that the new cleavages come to the fore of the political arena.

Confronting the three levels of analysis, it emerges that there are some structural basis for the emergence of a new cleavage within the new middle class, but that further conceptualizations and further analyses will be necessary in order to clarify the link between the structural component and the impact of values on left voting.

Type
Saggi
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , April 1998 , pp. 55 - 80
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

References

Riferimenti bibliografici

Bartolini, S. e Mair, P. (1990), Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates, 1885-1985, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, C. e Manza, J. (1997), The Social and Ideological Bases of Middle Class Political Realignment, in «The Social and Ideological Bases of Middle Class Political Realignment», LXII.Google Scholar
Deth, J. van (1995), A Macro Setting for Micro Politics, in van Deth, J. e Scarbrough, E. (a cura di), The Impact of Values, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 48–75.Google Scholar
Easterlin, R.A. (1980), Birth and Fortune, New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar
Eder, K. (1995), Does Social Class Matter in the Study of Social Movements? A Theory of Middle-Class Radicalism, in Maheu, L. (a cura di), Social Movements and Social Classes, London, Sage, pp. 21–54.Google Scholar
Erikson, R. e Goldthorpe, J.H. (1992), The Constant Flux. A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, M.N. (1992), The Decline of Cleavage Politics, in M.N. Franklin et al. (a cura di), Electoral Change. Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 383–431.Google Scholar
Franklin, M.N., Mackie, T.T. e Valen, H., (a cura di) (1992), Electoral Change. Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gallagher, M., Laver, M. e Mair, P., (1992), Representative Government in Western Europe, New York, McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J.H. (1980), Social Mobility and Class Structure in Britain, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J.H. (1995), The Service Class Revisited, in Buder, T. e Savage, M. (a cura di), Social Change and the Middle Classes, London, UCL Press, pp. 313–329.Google Scholar
Heath, A.F., Jowell, R., Curtice, J., Evans, G., Field, J. e Witherspoon, S., (1991), Understanding Political Change: The British Voter, 1964-1987, Oxford, Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1977), The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Style among Western Publics, Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press; trad. it. La rivoluzione silenziosa , Milano, Rizzoli, 1983.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1985), Aggregate Stability and Individual-Level Flux in Mass Belief Systems: The Level of Analysis Paradox, in «American Political Science Review», LXXIX, pp. 97–116.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1990), Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Societies, Princeton, Princeton University Press, trad. it. Valori e cultura politica nella società industriale avanzata, Padova, Liviana, 1993.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J.C. e Wallace, M. (1996), The Generalized Action Potential of Social Movements, in «Sociological Forum», 11, pp. 186–208.Google Scholar
Kerr, H.H. (1987), The Swiss Party System: Steadfast and Changing, in Daalder, H. (a cura di), Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Belgium, London, Frances Pinter, pp. 107–192.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H. (1994), The Transformation of European Social Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, H. (1995), The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis, Ann Arbor, Michigan University Press.Google Scholar
Knutsen, O. e Scarbrough, E. (1995), Cleavage Politics, in van Deth, J. e Scarbrough, E. (a cura di), The Impact of Values, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 492–523.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H. (1989), New Social Movements and the New Class in the Netherlands, in «American Journal of Sociology», XCIV, pp. 1078–1116.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H. (1993), Political Mobilization and Social Change. The Dutch Case in Comparative Perspective, Aldershot, Avebury.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H. (1997), Movements of the Left, Movements of the Right. Putting the Mobilization of Two New Types of Social Movements into Political Context, in Kitschelt, H., Lange, P., Marks, G. e Stephens, J.D. (a cura di), Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H., Koopmans, R., Duyvendak, J.W. e Giugni, M. (1995), New Social Movements in Western Europe, Minneapolis, Minnesota University Press.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H., Wernli, B., Sciarini, P., e Gianni, M., (1996), Le Clivage Linguistique. Problèmes de compréhension entre les communautés linguistiques en Suisse, Berne, Office Fédéral de la Statistique.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H. e Wisler, D. (1996), Social Movements and Direct Democracy in Switzerland, in «European Journal of Political Research», XXX, pp. 19–40.Google Scholar
Lehmbruch, G. (1993), Consociational Democracy and Corporatism in Switzerland, in «Publius: The Journal of Federalism», XXIII, pp. 43–59.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1979), Religious vs. Linguistic vs. Class Voting: The «Crucial Experiment» of Comparing Belgium, Canada, South Africa and Switzerland, in «American Political Science Review», LXXIII, pp. 442–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, S.M. e Rokkan, S., (1967), Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: An Introduction, in Lipset, S.M. e Rokkan, S. (a cura di), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, New York, Free Press, pp. 1–67.Google Scholar
March, J.G. e Olsen, J.P., (1995), Democratic Governance, New York, Free Press, trad. it. Governare la democrazia, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997.Google Scholar
Mitscherlich, A. (1963), Auf dem Weg zur vaterlosen Gesellschaft, Monaco, Pipers.Google Scholar
Müller, W. (1997), Class Cleavages in Party Preferences in Germany – Old and New, manoscritto non pubblicato.Google Scholar
Pakulski, J. (1995), Social Movements and Class: The Decline of the Marxist Paradigm, in Maheu, L. (a cura di), Social Movements and Social Classes, London, Sage, pp. 55–86.Google Scholar
Parkin, F. (1968), Middle Class Radicalism, Manchester, Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Rootes, C. (1995), A New Class? The Higher Educated and the New Politics, in Maheu, L. (a cura di), Social Movements and Social Classes, London, Sage, pp. 220–235.Google Scholar
Trechsel, A. (1995), Clivages en Suisse. Analyse des impacts relatifs des clivages sur l'électorat suisse lors des élections fédérales, in «Etudes et Recherches», XXXI, Genéve, Département de Science Politique.Google Scholar
Walliman, I. e Zito, G.V. (1984), Cohort Size and Youthful Protest, in «Youth and Society», 16, pp. 67–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, E.O. (1985), Classes, London, Verso.Google Scholar