Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T01:05:10.069Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE MANUFACTURE, EVALUATION AND CONSERVATION OF CLAY TABLETS INSCRIBED IN CUNEIFORM: TRADITIONAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2017

Julian Edgeworth Reade
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Knowledge of ancient Middle Eastern history is largely based on written records preserved on clay tablets, but tablets have often been separated from other archaeological artefacts, with erratic consequences. This paper discusses the treatment, distribution and evaluation of tablets since the first major discoveries in 1850, the problems and potential advantages of identifying clay sources and methods of manufacture, the challenges of preserving and recording tablets found in different conditions in the field, and the development of cleaning and long-term conservation techniques. Early experiments in firing tablets at the British Museum and at Babylon were followed by the systematic work of Friedrich Rathgen in Berlin around 1900. While his methods were gradually accepted in principle, there was limited communication among specialists, and independent procedures evolved. The debate on best practice continues.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 79 , December 2017 , pp. 163 - 202
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ali Yaseen, Ahmad. 2008. The archive of a palace scribe and other officials in the queen's household from the North-West Palace at Kalhu (Nimrud). Pp. 271–72 in Curtis, John E. et al. (eds.), New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. London (British Institute for the Study of Iraq; British Museum).Google Scholar
Al-Naqshbandi, Ali. 1973. The Iraq Museum Laboratory, Baghdad. Studies in Conservation 18: 36–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H., and George, Andrew R.. 1990. Tablets from the Sippar Library: II. Tablet II of the Babylonian Creation Epic. Iraq 52: 149–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1913. Note. Sprechsaal für Keramik, Glas, Email, Silikate 46: 708. Coburg.Google Scholar
Aruz, Joan, Benzel, Kim, and Evans, Jean M. (eds.). 2008. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. New York (The Metropolitan Museum of Art); New Haven/London (Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Bateman, Cyril A. 1966. The treatment of cuneiform tablets in the British Museum. Pp. 12–17 in Bateman, Cyril A. et al. , Preservation and Reproduction of Clay Tablets and the Conservation of Wall Paintings. London (Bernard Quaritch).Google Scholar
Bezold, Carl. 1889–99. Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum. 5 vols. London (British Museum).Google Scholar
Biggs, Robert D. 1974. Inscriptions from Tell Abu Salabikh (Oriental Institute Publications, 99). Chicago/London (University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Blackman, M. James. 2003. Chemical characterization of tablets, sealing clays, and clay sources from Tell Leilan, Syria. Pp. 455–69 in Rova, Elena and Weiss, Harvey (eds.), The Origins of North Mesopotamian Civilization: Ninevite 5 Chronology, Economy, Society (Subartu, 9). Turnhout (Brepols).Google Scholar
Borger, Rykle. 1991. Ein Brief Sîn-idinnams von Larsa an den Sonnengott sowie Bemerkungen über “Joins” und das “Joinen”. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, I. Philologisch-historische Klasse (1991, Nr. 2): 39–81. Göttingen (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).Google Scholar
Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis. 1920. By Nile and Tigris. 2 vols. London (John Murray).Google Scholar
Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis. 1925. The Rise and Progress of Assyriology. London (Martin Hopkinson).Google Scholar
Campbell Thompson, Reginald and Hutchinson, Richard W.. 1929. A Century of Exploration at Nineveh. London (Luzac).Google Scholar
Campbell Thompson, Reginald, and Mallowan, Max E. L., 1933. The British Museum excavations at Nineveh, 1931–32. Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 20: 71–186.Google Scholar
Cartwright, Caroline, and Taylor, Jon. 2011. Investigating technological and environmental evidence from plant remains and molluscs in cuneiform tablets. The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 5: 67–72.Google Scholar
Crawford, Vaughn E. 1966. Processing clay tablets in the field. Pp. 1–17 in Bateman, Cyril A. et al. , Preservation and Reproduction of Clay Tablets and the Conservation of Wall Paintings. London (Bernard Quaritch).Google Scholar
Curtis, John E., and Reade, Julian E. (eds.). 1995. Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum. London (British Museum Press).Google Scholar
Dalley, Stephanie, Walker, Christopher B.F., and Hawkins, J. David. 1976. The Old Babylonian Tablets from Tell al Rimah. London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).Google Scholar
Delougaz, Pinhas. 1933. I. Plano-Convex Bricks and the Methods of their Employment. II. The Treatment of Clay Tablets in the Field (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, 7). Chicago (University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Dowman, Elizabeth A. 1970. Conservation in Field Archaeology. London (Methuen).Google Scholar
Eidem, Jesper. 2002. The clay they wrote on—Old Babylonian letters as artefacts. Pp. 74–81 in Werr, Lamia Al-Gailani et al. (eds.), Of Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeology of Mesopotamia and Syria presented to David Oates in honour of his 75th Birthday. London (Nabu).Google Scholar
Evans, Sir Arthur. 1935. The Palace of Minos: a Comparative Account of the Successive Stages of the Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos, Vol. 4/2. London (Macmillan).Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario. 1987. Neo-Assyrian texts and fragments from Copenhagen. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 1: 18–25.Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario. 2015. Editorial: twenty volumes of Neo-Assyrian studies later … State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 20: 1–31.Google Scholar
Field, Henry. 1929. The Field Museum-Oxford University Expedition to Kish, Mesopotamia 1923–1929. Chicago (Field Museum).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkel, Irving L. 2013. The Cyrus Cylinder: the Babylonian perspective. Pp. 4–34 in Finkel, Irving L. (ed.), The Cyrus Cylinder: the King of Persia's Proclamation from Ancient Babylon. London/New York (I.B. Tauris in association with The Iran Heritage Foundation).Google Scholar
Finkel, Irving L., and Taylor, Jonathan. 2015. Cuneiform. London (British Museum).Google Scholar
Foster, Benjamin R. 2006. The beginnings of Assyriology in the United States. Pp. 44–73 in Holloway, Steven W. (ed.), Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible. Sheffield (Phoenix Press).Google Scholar
Foster, Benjamin R. 2013. Albert T. Clay and his Babylonian Collection. Pp. 121–35 in Collins, Billie Jean and Michalowski, Piotr (eds.), Beyond Hatti: a Tribute to Garry Beckman. Atlanta (Lockwood Press).Google Scholar
Gadd, Cyril J. 1926. Tablets from Kirkuk. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale 23 (2): 49–161.Google Scholar
Gibson, McGuire. 1972. The archaeological uses of cuneiform documents: patterns of occupation at the city of Kish. Iraq 34: 113–23.Google Scholar
Gilberg, Mark. 1987. Friedrich Rathgen: the father of modern archaeological conservation. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 26 (2): 105–20.Google Scholar
Goren, Yuval, Finkelstein, Israel, and Na'aman, Nadav. 2002. Petrographic investigation of the Amarna tablets. Near Eastern Archaeology 65: 196–205.Google Scholar
Grayson, A. Kirk, and Novotny, Jamie. 2014. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704–681 BC), Part 2 (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period, 3/2). Winona Lake, Indiana (Eisenbrauns).Google Scholar
Grenfell, Sir Wilfred Thomason. N.D. (c. 1929). Labrador Looks at the Orient: Notes of Travel in the Near and in the Far East. London (Jarrolds).Google Scholar
Guinan, Ann, Oller, Gary, and Ormsby, Dorothy. 1976. Nippur rebaked: the conservation of cuneiform tablets. Expedition 18/3: 42–47.Google Scholar
Gurney, Oliver R. 1952. The Sultantepe tablets: a preliminary note. Anatolian Studies 2: 25–35.Google Scholar
Gurney, Oliver R., and Finkelstein, J. J.. 1957. The Sultantepe Tablets, Vol. 1. London (British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara).Google Scholar
Hall, Harry Reginald Holland. 1930. A Season's Work at Ur. London (Methuen).Google Scholar
Heuzey, Léon. 1912. Les constructions de Tello d'après les fouilles d'Ernest de Sarzec: notes complémentaires. Pp. 395–449 in de Sarzec, Ernest, Découvertes en Chaldée (1884–1912). Paris (Ernest Leroux).Google Scholar
Hilprecht, Hermann Volrath. 1903. Explorations in Bible Lands during the Nineteenth Century. Edinburgh (T. & T. Clark).Google Scholar
Hogarth, David George. 1923. Report of the Keeper of the Ashmolean for the year 1923. Pp. 1–3 in Report of the Visitors of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, 1923. Oxford (Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Hunger, Hermann. 1970. Das Archiv des Nabû-ušallim. Baghdader Mitteilungen 5: 193–304.Google Scholar
Jeyes, Ulla. 2000. Gall-bladder omens extant in Middle Babylonian, Nineveh and Seleucid versions. Pp. 345–73 in George, Andrew R. and Finkel, Irving L. (eds.), Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G. Lambert. Winona Lake, Indiana (Eisenbrauns).Google Scholar
Johns, Claude Hermann Walter. 1911. A List of the Year-Names Used to Date the Years of the First Dynasty of Babylon …, Part I. Cambridge (A.P. Dixon).Google Scholar
Kelly, Amanda. 2011. A Neo-Assyrian relief in the Weingreen Museum of Biblical Antiquities, Trinity College Dublin—a case study in artefact acquisition. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 112C: 1–33.Google Scholar
King, Leonard W. 1914. Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum: Supplement. London (British Museum).Google Scholar
Kraus, Fritz Rudolf. 1947. Die Istanbuler Tontafelsammlung. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1: 93–119.Google Scholar
Lacheman, Ernest R., and Maidman, Maynard P.. 1989. Joint Expedition with the Iraq Museum at Nuzi VII: Miscellaneous Texts (Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, 3). Winona Lake, Indiana (Eisenbrauns).Google Scholar
Lambert, Wilfred G. 1957. Three unpublished fragments of the Tukulti-Ninurta Epic. Archiv für Orientforschung 18: 38–51.Google Scholar
Lambert, Wilfred G. 1965. A Middle Assyrian tablet of incantations. Pp. 283–88 in Güterbock, Hans G. and Jacobsen, Thorkild, (eds.), Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday April 21 1965 (Assyriological Studies, 16). Chicago (Oriental Institute).Google Scholar
Lambert, Wilfred G. 1992. Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum: Third Supplement. London (British Museum Press).Google Scholar
Lambert, Wilfred G., and Millard, Alan R.. 1966. Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum: Second Supplement. London (British Museum).Google Scholar
Layard, Austen Henry. 1849. Nineveh and its Remains. 2 vols. London (John Murray).Google Scholar
Layard, Austen Henry. 1853. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon. London (John Murray).Google Scholar
Leach, Bridget, and Tait, John. 2000. Papyrus. Pp. 227–53 in Nicholson, Paul T. and Shaw, Ian (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Loftus, William Kennet. 1857. Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana. London (James Nisbet).Google Scholar
Lucas, Alfred. 1932. Antiquities: their Restoration and Preservation. London (Edward Arnold).Google Scholar
McCall, Henrietta. 2008. Max Mallowan at Nimrud. Pp. 65–72 in Curtis, John E. et al. (eds.), New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. London (British Institute for the Study of Iraq; British Museum).Google Scholar
Maidman, Maynard P. 1999. The University of Chicago Nuzi texts: history and prospects. Pp. 25–34 in Owen, David I. and Wilhelm, Gernot (eds.), Nuzi at Seventy-Five (Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, 10). Bethesda, Maryland (CDL Press).Google Scholar
Mallowan, Max E. L. 1947. Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. Iraq 9: 1–259.Google Scholar
Mallowan, Max E. L. 1977. Mallowan's Memoirs. London.Google Scholar
Millard, Alan. 2005. Only fragments from the past: the role of accident in our knowledge of the ancient Near East. Pp. 301–19 in Bienkowski, Piotr, Mee, Christopher, and Slate, Elizabeth (eds.), Writing and Ancient Near Eastern Society: Papers in Honour of Alan R. Millard. New York/London (T. & T. Clark).Google Scholar
Moorey, P. Roger S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence. Oxford (Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Oates, David. 1965. The excavations at Tell al Rimah, 1964. Iraq 27: 62–80.Google Scholar
Oates, David. 1970. The excavations at Tell al Rimah, 1968. Iraq 32: 1–26.Google Scholar
Oates, David. 1976. Introduction. Pp. ix–xvi in Dalley, Stephanie, Walker, Christopher B.F., and David Hawkins, J., The Old Babylonian Tablets from Tell al Rimah. London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).Google Scholar
Oates, David, and Oates, Joan. 2001. Nimrud: an Assyrian Imperial City Revealed. London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).Google Scholar
Ochsenschlager, Edward L. 2004. Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden. Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. Leo. 1960. The city of Assur in 714 BC. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 19: 133–47.Google Scholar
Organ, Robert M. 1961. The conservation of cuneiform tablets. British Museum Quarterly 23: 52–57.Google Scholar
Packard, Elisabeth. 1939. The cleaning of a Babylonian tablet. Technical Studies in the Field of Fine Arts 8: 90–97. BCIN abstract vidi.Google Scholar
Panayotov, Strahil V., and Wunsch, Cornelia. 2014. New light on George Smith's purchase of the Egibi archive in 1876 from the Nachlass Mathewson. Pp. 191–215 in Geller, Markham J. (ed.), Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization. Berlin (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science).Google Scholar
Parkinson, A. Eric. 1950. The preservation of cuneiform tablets by heating to a high temperature. The Museum News 27 (17): 6–8. Philadelphia (University Museum).Google Scholar
Parrot, André. 1953. Archéologie mésopotamienne: techniques et problèmes. Paris (Albin Michel).Google Scholar
Petrie, Flinders. 1888. The treatment of small antiquities. The Archaeological Journal 44: 85–89.Google Scholar
Pickworth, Diana. 2005 Excavations at Nineveh: the Halzi Gate. Iraq 67: 295–316.Google Scholar
Plenderleith, Harold James. 1934. The Preservation of Antiquities. London (The Museums Association). Non vidi.Google Scholar
Plenderleith, Harold James. 1956. The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art. 1969 reprint. London/New York/Toronto (Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Rassam, Hormuzd. 1897. Asshur and the Land of Nimrod… New York (Eaton & Mains)/Cincinnati (Curtis & Jennings).Google Scholar
Rathgen, Friedrich. 1898. Die Konservierung von Altertumsfunder. Berlin (W. Spemann).Google Scholar
Rathgen, Friedrich. 1903. Konservierung babylonischer Tontafeln. Chemiker-Zeitung 27: 811.Google Scholar
Rathgen, Friedrich. 1904. Altertümerkonservierung. Lexikon der gesamten Technik und ihrer Hilfswissenschaften, Bd. 1: 156–59. Stuttgart/Leipzig. Source: www.zeno.org.Google Scholar
Rathgen, Friedrich. 1926. Die Konservierung von Altertumsfunden: 1. Teil. Stein und Steinartige Stoffe (Handbücher der Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). 3rd edition. Berlin/Leipzig (Walter de Gruyter).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 1975. Sources for Sennacherib: the prisms. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 27: 189–96.Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 1986a. Introduction. Rassam's Babylonian Collection: the excavations and the archives. Pp. xii–xxxvi in Leichty, Erle, Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Vol. 6. London (British Museum Publications).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 1986b. Archaeology and the Kuyunjik archives. Pp. 213–22 in Veenhof, Klaas R. (ed.), Cuneiform Archives and Libraries (Publications de l'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul, 57). Leiden (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 1991. Mesopotamia. London (British Museum Press).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 1992. An early Warka tablet. Pp. 177–79 in Hrouda, Barthel et al. (eds.), Von Uruk nach Tuttul: eine Festschrift für Eva Strommenger: Studien und Aufsätze von Kollegen und Freunden. München/Wien (Profil Verlag).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 1998. Assyrian Sculpture. 2nd edition. London (British Museum Press).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 2000. Ninive (Nineveh). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 9 (5–6): 388–433. Berlin/New York (Walter de Gruyter).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 2002a. The ziggurrat and temples of Nimrud. Iraq 64: 135–216.Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 2002b. Unfired clay, models, and “sculptors’ models” in the British Museum. Archiv für Orientforschung 48–49: 147–64.Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 2005. The Ishtar Temple at Nineveh. Iraq 67 (= Dominique Collon and Andrew George, eds., Nineveh, Papers of the XLIXe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, London, 7–11 July 2003, Part Two): 347–90.Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 2008. Nineteenth-century Nimrud: motivation, orientation, conservation. Pp. 1–21 in Curtis, John E. et al. (eds.), New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. London (British Institute for the Study of Iraq; British Museum).Google Scholar
Reade, Julian E. 2011. Retrospect: Wallis Budge—for or against? Pp. 444–63 in Ismail, Matthew, Wallis Budge: Magic and Mummies in London and Cairo. Kilkerran (Hardinge Simpole).Google Scholar
Roaf, Michael. 2004. The excavation and conservation of the jar and the tablets. Pp. 15–49 in Radner, Karen, Das mittelassyrische Tontafelarchiv von Giricano/Dunnu-ša-Uzibi (Subartu, 14). Turnhout (Brepols).Google Scholar
Saggs, Henry W. F. 1968. The Tell al Rimah tablets, 1965. Iraq 30: 154–74.Google Scholar
Saggs, Henry W. F. 2001. The Nimrud Letters, 1952 (Cuneiform Texts From Nimrud, 5). London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).Google Scholar
Schaeffer, F.-A. 1929. Les fouilles de Minet-el-Beida et de Ras Shamra (Campagne du Printemps 1929): Rapport sommaire. Syria 10: 285–97.Google Scholar
Shaw, Wendy M.K. 2003. Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London (University of California Press).Google Scholar
Smith, George. 1875. Assyrian Discoveries; an Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, during 1873 and 1874. London (Sampson Low, Marston, Low and Searle).Google Scholar
Sollberger, Edmond. 1965. Ur Excavation Texts, VIII: Royal Inscriptions Part II. London (British Museum).Google Scholar
Sollberger, Edmond. 1976. Editor's Foreword. P. v in Dalley, Stephanie, Walker, Christopher B. F. and Hawkins, J. David, The Old Babylonian Tablets from Tell al Rimah. London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).Google Scholar
Starr, Dorothy C. S. 1996. North of Baghdad. Pp. 127–238 in Owen, David I. and Wilhelm, Gernot (eds.), Richard F. S. Starr Memorial Volume (Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, 8). Bethesda, Maryland (CDL Press).Google Scholar
Starr, Richard F. S. 1996. Letters from the field, 1927–1930. Pp. 9–125 in Owen, David I. and Wilhelm, Gernot (eds.), Richard F.S. Starr Memorial Volume (Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, 8). Bethesda, Maryland (CDL Press).Google Scholar
Stolper, Matthew W. 2007. Kasr texts: excavated, but not in Berlin. Pp. 241–81 in Roth, Martha T. et al. (eds.), Studies Presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2004 From the Workshop of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Vol. 2 (Assyriological Studies, 27). Chicago (Oriental Institute).Google Scholar
Tadmor, Hayim, and Yamada, Shigeo. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period, 1). Winona Lake, Indiana (Eisenbrauns).Google Scholar
Taylor, J. 2011. Tablets as artefacts, scribes as artisans. Pp. 5–31 in Radner, Karen and Robson, Eleanor (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford (Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Thickett, David, and Brookes, Sophie. 1998. Investigation of White Bloom Formed on Cuneiform Tablets during Conservation (Conservation Research Group Reports, 1998/10). London (British Museum Department of Conservation).Google Scholar
Veenhof, Klaas R. 1986. Cuneiform archives: an introduction. Pp. 1–36 in Veenhof, Klaas R. (ed.), Cuneiform Archives and Libraries (PIHANS 57). Leiden (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten).Google Scholar
Walker, Christopher B. F. 1970. A foundation inscription from Tell al Rimah. Iraq 32: 27–30.Google Scholar
Walker, Christopher B. F. 1989. BM 96573. In: Bendt Alster and C.B.F. Walker, “Some literary texts in the British Museum”. Pp. 7–19 in Behrens, Hermann et al. (eds.), DUMU-E2-DUB-BA-A: Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjøberg. Philadelphia (University Museum).Google Scholar
Walker, Christopher B. F. 2008. The archives of Nimrud. Pp. 255–59 in Curtis, John E. et al. (eds.), New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. London (British Institute for the Study of Iraq; British Museum).Google Scholar
Walker, Christopher B.F. 2011. Cyril Albert Bateman (July 8, 1919 – April 25, 2012). Archiv für Orientforschung 52: 389–90.Google Scholar
Wilson, David M. 2002. The British Museum: a History. London (British Museum Press).Google Scholar
Winstone, H. Victor F. 1990. Woolley of Ur: the Life of Sir Leonard Woolley. London (Secker & Warburg).Google Scholar
Wiseman, Donald J. 1968. The Tell al Rimah tablets, 1966. Iraq 30: 175–205.Google Scholar
Wiseman, Donald J., and Black, Jeremy A.. 1996. Literary Texts from the Temple of Nabû (Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud, 4). London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).Google Scholar
Woolley, Charles Leonard. 1925. The excavations at Ur, 1924–1925. The Antiquaries' Journal 5: 347–402.Google Scholar
Woolley, Charles Leonard. 1937. Digging up the Past. First published 1930. Harmondsworth (Penguin Books).Google Scholar
Woolley, Charles Leonard, and Mallowan, Max E. L.. 1976. Ur Excavations, VII: The Old Babylonian Period. London (British Museum).Google Scholar
Yi-Feng, Yao, Li, Xiao, Jiang, Hong-En, Ferguson, David K., Hueber, Francis, Ghosh, Ruby, Bera, Subir and Li, Cheng-Sen. 2012. Pollens and phytoliths from fired ancient potsherds as potential indicators for deciphering past vegetation and climate in Turpan, Xinjiang, NW China. PLOS ONE 7 (6): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039780.Google Scholar