Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T08:15:15.563Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reply: Case Studies Enough for a General Model?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

W. Robert Lee
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Scholarly Controversy: Women, Work and Citizenship
Copyright
Copyright © International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc. 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1. Evans, Richard J., The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920 (London, 1979);Google ScholarRandall, Vicky, Women and Politics: An International Perspective, 2nd ed. (London, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2. Randall, , Women and Politics, 51;Google ScholarAdler, Laure, Les Femmes Politiques (Paris, 1993), 53;Google ScholarBlom, Ida, “The Struggle for Women's Suffrage in Norway, 1885–1913,” Scandinavian Journal of History 5 (1980):322;CrossRefGoogle ScholarHantrais, Linda, “Women, Work, and Welfare in France,” in Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State, ed. Lewis, Jane (Aldershot, 1993), 116.Google Scholar

3. Meehan, Elizabeth, “Women's Rights in the European Community,” in Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family, and the State, ed. Lewis, Jane (Aldershot, 1993), 200.Google Scholar See also Lewis, Jane, “Introduction: Women, Work, Family, and Social Policies in Europe,” in the same volume, 1–24;Google ScholarBradshaw, Jonathon et al. , “A Comparative Study of Child Support in Fifteen Countries,” Journal of European Social Policy 3 (1993):255–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. Marczewski, Jean, “Economic Fluctuations in France, 1815–1938,” Journal of European Economic History 17 (1988):259–66;Google ScholarLevy-Leboyer, Maurice and Bourguignon, François, The French Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990).Google Scholar

5. Goldman, Wendy Z., Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936 (Cambridge, 1993), 52;CrossRefGoogle ScholarBuckley, Mary, Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union (New York, 1989), 108–38;Google ScholarEinhorn, Barbara, Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender, and Women's Movements in East Central Europe (London, 1993).Google Scholar

6. Norris, Pippa, Politics and Sexual Equality: The Comparative Position of Women in Western Democracies (Boulder, 1987), 146–47.Google Scholar

7. Phillips, Anne, Engendering Democracy (Oxford, 1991), 8189;Google ScholarRandall, , Women and Politics, 137;Google ScholarBraidotti, Rosi, “Introduction: Dutch Treats and Other Strangers,” in Sharing the Difference: Feminist Debates in Holland, ed. Hermsen, Joke J. and Lenning, Alkeline van (London, 1991), 116.Google Scholar

8. Evans, Richard J., Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years 1830–1910 (Oxford, 1987);Google ScholarTjaden, Herman, Bremen und die Bremische Ärzteschaft seit dem Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts (Bremen, 1932);Google ScholarSchwarzwälder, Herbert, Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, vol 2: Von 1810 bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, reprint ed. (Hamburg, 1987);Google ScholarLee, Robert and Marschalck, Peter, “The Port City Legacy: Urban Demographic Change in Bremen, 1815–1910,” in The Population Dynamics and Development of Western European Port Cities, ed. Lawton, Richard and Lee, Roert (Liverpool, 1997), 252–69.Google Scholar

9. Bimbi, Franca, “Gender, “Gift Relationship,’ and Welfare State Cultures in Italy,” in Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State, ed. Lewis, Jane (Aldershot, 1993), 138–70;Google ScholarBimbi, Franca, “The Double Presence: A Complex Model of Italian Women's Labour,” Marriage and Family Review 12 (1989):81105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10. Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven, 1982).Google Scholar In Switzerland there was a specific attempt to revitalize the constitutional role of the cantons in 1967; see Aubert, Jean-Francois, “Histoire Constitutionnelle,” in Die Schweiz seit 1945, ed. Gruner, Erich (Bern, 1971), 30.Google Scholar

11. Chamberlayne, Prue, “Women and the State: Changes in Roles and Rights in France, West Germany, Italy, and Britain, 1970–1990,” in Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State, ed. Lewis, Jane (Aldershot, 1993), 170–93;Google ScholarRandall, , Women and Politics, 7–8.Google Scholar

12. Harrison, Brian, Prudent Revolutionaries: Portraits of British Feminists between the Wars (Oxford, 1987), 3.Google Scholar

13. See Gamson, William A., “Introduction,” in Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays, ed. Zald, Mayer N. and McCarthy, John D. (New Brunswick, 1990), 17.Google Scholar

14. Hellman, Judith Adler, Journeys among Women: Feminism in Five Italian Cities (Oxford, 1987).Google Scholar

15. Randall, , Women and Politics, 5; Harrison, Prudent Revolutionaries, 7.Google Scholar

16. Barrachina, Marie-Aline, “Religion, Biologie, und Mutterschaft in der Propaganda des Franco Regimes, 1938–1945,” in Frauen und Faschismus in Europa: Der faschistische Körper, ed. Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Leonore and Stuchlik, Gerda (Pfaffenweiler, 1990), 61–7;Google ScholarAdler, , Les Femmes Politiques;Google ScholarBisserat-Moreau, Noelle, “Biopolitik und Demographie: Von der Fondation Alexis Carrel (1941–1945) zum Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (1945–heute),” in Frauen und Faschismus in Europa: Der faschistische Körper, ed. SiegeleWenschkewitz, L. and Stuchlik, G. (Pfaffenweiler, 1990), 8283.Google Scholar

17. See, for example, Winkler, Dörte, Frauenarbeit im “Dritten Reich” (Hamburg, 1977);Google ScholarKoonz, Claudia, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics (London, 1987);Google ScholarKudlien, Fridolf, “The German Response to the Birth-Rate Problem during the Third Reich,” Continuity and Change 5 (1990):225–48;CrossRefGoogle ScholarCaldwell, Lesley, “Madri d'Italia: Film and Fascist Concern with Motherhood,” in Women and Italy: Essays on Gender, Culture, and History, ed. Baranski, Zygmunt G. and Vinall, Shirley W. (Basingstoke, 1991), 4363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18. Goldman, , Women, The State, and Revolution, 338.Google Scholar

19. Kälvemark, Ann-Sofie, More Children of Better Quality? Aspects of Swedish Population Policy in the 1930s (Stockholm, 1980).Google Scholar

20. Even in the case of Germany the traditional view that ideological constraints prevented the mobilization of women has been subject to reappraisal. See Sachse, Carola, Betriebliche Sozialpolitik als Familienpolitik in der Weimarer Republick und im Nationalsozialismus (Hamburg, 1987), 436;Google ScholarSachse, Carola and Caplan, Jane, eds., Industrial Housewives: Women's Social Work in the Factories of Nazi Germany (Haworth, 1987);Google ScholarOvery, Richard J., “Mobilisation for Total War in Germany, 1939–1941,” English History Review 103 (1988):613–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the postwar situation, see Bandhauer-Schöffmann, Irene and Hornung, Ela, “Vom ‘Dritten Reich’ zur Zweiten Republik: Frauen im Wien der Nachkriegszeit,” in Frauen in Österreich: Beiträge zu ihrer Situation im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Good, David F., Grander, Margarete, and Maynes, Mary Jo (Vienna, 1994), 225–47;Google ScholarMeyer, Sibylle and Schulze, Eva, “Krieg im Frieden—Veränderungen des Geschlechterverhältnisses untersucht am Beispiel familiärer Konflikte nach 1945,” in Frauenmacht in der Geschichte. Beiträge des Historikerinnentreffens 1985 zur Frauengeschichtsforschung, ed. Dalhoff, Jutta, Frey, Uschi, and Schöll, Ingrid (Düsseldorf, 1986), 184–93.Google Scholar

21. Phillips, , Engendering Democracy, 101: Hantrais, “Women, Work, and Welfare,” 120; Bimbi, “Gender, ‘Gift Relationship,’” 151.Google Scholar

22. Reynolds, Siân, “Marianne's Citizens? Women, the Republic, and Universal Suffrage in France” in Women, State, and Revolution: Essays on Power and Gender in Europe since 1789, ed. Reynolds, Siân (Brighton, 1986), 101–22;Google ScholarBard, Christine, Les Filles de Marianne: Histoire des Feminismes, 1914–1940 (Paris, 1995).Google Scholar

23. Clark, Frances Ida, The Position of Women in Contemporary France (Westport, 1981 [1935]).Google Scholar It is interesting to note that the Catholics in Germany after World War One also had strong women's organizations. See Scheck, Raffael, “German Conservatism and Female Political Activism in the Early Weimar Republic,” German History 15 (1997):40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. Randall, , Women and Politics, 45;Google ScholarJackson, Pauline Conroy, “Managing the Mothers: The Case of Ireland,” in Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State, ed. Lewis, Jane (Aldershot, 1993), 7291;Google ScholarVossen, Helène, “Production of Sexual Difference in Catholic ‘Life Schools,’ 1947–1968: On Firm Convictions and Doubts,” in Sharing the Difference: Feminist Debates in Holland, ed. Hermsen, Joke J. and van Lenning, Alkeline (London, 1991), 82103.Google Scholar A direct parallel to some of the Catholic women's organizations in interwar France can be found in the German Jungfrauen- und Müttervereine; see Kaufmann, Doris, “Vom Vaterland zum Mutterland: Frauen im Katholischen Milieu der Weimarer Republik,” in Frauen suchen ihre Geschichte: Historische Studien zum 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Hausen, Karin (Munich, 1983), 250–75.Google Scholar

25. Norris, , Politics and Sexual Equality, 107.Google Scholar

26. See, for example, Franzoi, Barbara, At the Very Least She Pays the Rent: Women and German Industrialization, 1871–1914 (Westport, 1985);Google ScholarMcDougall, Mary Lynn, “Working-Class Women during the Industrial Revolution, 1780–1914,” in Becoming Visible: Women in European History, ed. Bridenthal, Renate and Koonz, Claudia (Boston, 1977), 257–79;Google ScholarHjerppe, R. and Schybergson, P., “Kvinnoarbetar i Industrins Genomsbrottsskede c. 1850–1913,” in Arbeits-'lφnns og rettsforhold for yrkesaktive Kvinner i de Nordiske land ca. 1810–1914, ed. Blom, Grethe Authén (Trondheim, 1978);Google ScholarLewis, , “Introduction,” 8.Google Scholar

27. Hudson, Pat and Lee, Robert, “Women's Work and the Family Economy in Historical Perspective,” in Women's Work and the Family Economy in Historical Perspective, ed. Hudson, Pat and Lee, Robert (Manchester, 1990), 249.Google Scholar

28. Clark, , The Position of Women, 37; Hantrais, “Women, Work, and Welfare,” 117.Google Scholar

29. Lewis, , “Introduction,” 8.Google Scholar

30. Seccombe, Walter, “Patriarchy Stabilised: The Construction of the Male Bread Winner Wage Norm in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” Social History 21 (1986):5376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

31. Pateman, Carole, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory (Oxford, 1989), 201.Google Scholar

32. Lewis, Jane, “Gender and the Development of Welfare Regimes,” Journal of European Social Policy 2 (1995):159–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar In relation to Weimar Germany, see, for example, Mai, Gunther, Kriegswirtschaft und Arbeiterbewegung in Württemberg, 1914–1918 (Stuttgart, 1983);Google ScholarLilienthal, Georg, “The Illegitimacy Question in Germany, 1900–1945: Areas of Tension in Social and Population Policy,” Continuity and Change 5 (1990):249–82;CrossRefGoogle ScholarUsborne, Cornelie, “Abortion in Weimar Germany: The Debate amongst the Medical Profession,” Continuity and Change 5 (1990):199224;CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMedDavid, F. Crew, “German Socialism, the State, and Family Policy, 1918–1933,” Continuity and Change 1 (1986):235–64;Google ScholarWoycke, James, Birth Control in Germany, 1871–1933 (London, 1988), 147–48.Google Scholar

33. Carlson, Bo, Trade Unions in Sweden (Yiden, 1969);Google ScholarJones, H.G., Planning and Productivity in Sweden (London, 1976), 5196;Google ScholarMagnusson, Lars, “Den svenska modellens uppgång och fall,” in Äventyret Sverige. En ekonomisk och social historia, ed. Furuhagen, Birgitta (Stockholm, 1993), 292318;Google ScholarNorris, , Politics and Sexual Equality, 143.Google Scholar

34. Randall, , Women and Politics, 238; Hellman, Journeys among Women, 196.Google Scholar

35. Metz-Göckel, Sigrid, “Bildung, Lebensverlauf, und selbst Konzepte von Arbeitertöchtern: Ein Beitrag zur sozialen Mobilität und Individualisierung von Frauen aus bildungsfernen Schichten,” in Arbeitertöchter und ihr sozialer Aufstieg, ed. Schlüter, Anne (Weinheim, 1992), 47;Google ScholarGalenson, Marjorie, Women and Work: An International Comparison (New York, 1973);Google ScholarDixon, Ruth B., “Measuring Equality between the Sexes,” Journal of Social Issues 32 (1976):1932;CrossRefGoogle ScholarKolinksy, Eva, Women in Contemporary Germany: Life, Work, and Politics (Oxford, 1989), 100–50.Google Scholar

36. Jackson, , “Managing the Mothers,” 78; Meehan, “Women's Rights,” 200.Google Scholar

37. Bimbi, , “Gender, ‘Gift Relationship,’” 143; Jackson, “Managing the Mothers,” 77;Google ScholarChamberlayne, Prue, “Transitions in the Private Sphere in Eastern Germany,” in State, Social Policy, and Social Change in Germany, 1880–1994, ed. Lee, Robert and Rosenhaft, Eve (Oxford, 1997), 286313;Google ScholarBerghahn, Sabine, “Frauen, Recht, und langer Atem-Bilanz nach über 40 Jahren Gleichstellungsgebot in Deutschland,” in Frauen in Deutschland 1945–1992, ed. Helwig, Gisela and Nickel, Hildegard Maria (Berlin, 1993), 71138.Google Scholar

38. Lewis, , “Introduction,” 13.Google Scholar

39. Pateman, , The Disorder of Women, 184.Google Scholar

40. Hantrais, , “Women, Work, and Welfare,” 118.Google Scholar

41. Rosenhaft, Eve and Lee, Robert, “State and Society in Modern Germany: Beamtenstaat, Klassenstaat, Sozialstaat,” in State, Social Policy and Social Change in Germany 1880–1994, ed. Lee, Robert and Rosenhaft, Eve (Oxford, 1997), 25.Google Scholar

42. Metz-Göckel, , “Bildung, Lebensverlauf, und Selbst Konzepte.”Google Scholar

43. Chamberlayne, , “Transitions in the Private Sphere,” 286–313; Norris, Politics and Sexual Equality, 136.Google Scholar

44. Clark, , The Position of Women, 184–209;Google ScholarMerkel, Wolfgang and Oldigs, Beenhard, Morgen Rot: 80 Jahre Bremer Arbeiter-jugendbewegung. 40 Jahre Landesjugendring (Bremen, 1987).Google Scholar

45. Randall, , Women and Politics, 9, 249–50;Google ScholarSchaffer, John W., “Family, Class, and Young Women: Occupational Expectations in Nineteenth-Century Paris,” Journal of Family History 3 (1978):6277;CrossRefGoogle ScholarChamberlayne, , “Transitions in the Private Sphere,” 286–313.Google Scholar

46. Metz-Göckel, , “Bildung, Lebensverlauf, und Selbst Konzepte,” 60;Google ScholarUsborne, Cornelie, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (Basingstoke, 1992);CrossRefGoogle ScholarHille, Barbara, “Geschlechtstypische Präferenzen und Benachteiligung: Weibliche Jugendliche in Bildung, Ausbildung, Studium,” in Frauen in Deutschland 1945–1992, ed. Helwig, Gisela and Nickel, Hildegard Maria (Berlin, 1993), 215–32.Google Scholar

47. Braidotti, , “Introduction,” 7; Randall, Women and Politics.Google Scholar