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Effects of infestation by cowpea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on different growth stages of resistant and susceptible cowpea cultivars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

I. Billy Annan ,
K. N. Saxena ,
G. A. Schaefers  and
Ward M. Tingey
I. Billy Annan
Affiliation:
Du Pont Agricultural Products, Stine-Haskell Research Centre, Elkton Road, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE 19714-0030, USA
K. N. Saxena
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
G. A. Schaefers
Affiliation:
New York State Agricultural Experiment Station/Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Box 462, Geneva, N.Y. 14456–0462, USA
Ward M. Tingey
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Insectary, Tower Road, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853-2604, USA
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Abstract

Field studies were conducted to characterise the effects of infestations by adult and nymphal stages of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, on the growth and yield of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Seedling, flowering, and podding stage plants of aphid-resistant (cv. ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (cv. ICV-1) cowpea cultivars were used in the studies. Four treatments (consisting of infestations with adult and nymphal aphids, caged controls and uncaged controls) were administered on plants for 22 days post-treatment. Eight parameters of crop success were measured: extended leaf heights (ELH); plant mortality; incidence of sooty mould; incidence and abundance of natural enemy species; crop growth parameters (net assimilation rate, [NAR] in g/ dm2/day, and crop growth rate [CGR] in g/dm2 land surface/day); and plant yields (seeds per pod, weight per seed). Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), orthogonal contrasts and 95% confidence intervals (C.I.). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between adult and nymphal infestations or between caged and uncaged controls, so the respective sets of data were combined for comparisons of aphid infestations with control treatments. Infestations caused severe plant stunting and other growth deformities, drastic yield reductions, higher plant mortality, greater incidence of natural enemies and abundance of Cheilomenes spp. on cv. ICV-1 than on cv. ICV-12, and on infested and uninfested plants. Aphid infestations did not significantly affect the incidence of sooty mould on plants of cv. ICV-12 or cv. ICV-1.

Résumé

Des études furent menées sur terrain pour caractériser les effets des infestations des stades adults et nymphal de l'aphide du niébé, Aphis craccivora Koch, sur la croissance et le rendement du niébé, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Les plantes aux stades de plantule, de floraison et de gousse d'une variété résistante de niébé (cv. ICV-12) et une autre susceptible (cv. ICV-1) ont été utilisées dans cette étude. Quatre traitements (consistant à infester les aphides adultes, les nymphes, les témoins configés en cage et les témoins non encagés) ont été administrés sur des plantes 22 jours aprés traitement. Huit paramétres pour caractériser le développement réussi de la plante ont été mesurés: accroissement de la hauteur des feuilles; mortalité de plantes; incidence du dépôt de suie; incidence et abondance d'ennemis naturels; paramétres de croissance de la plante (taux net d'assimilation [TNA] en g/dm2/jr et taux de croissance de la plante [TCP] en g/dm2/surface de terre/jr); et rendements de la plante (nombre de graines par gousse, poids par graine). Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de l'analyse de variance (ANOVA), suivie de contrastes orthogonaux pour 95% d'intervalle de confiance. II n'y a pas eu de difference significative (P > 0.05) entre témoins en cage et ceux libres; par conséquent, les données ont été groupées ensemble pour comparer les infestations d ‘aphides avec les témoins. Les infestations ont causé un sévére rabougrissement de la plante et d'autres malformations de croissance, des réductions drastiques de rendement, une mortalité, une incidence d'ennemis naturels et une abondance de Cheilomenes spp. sur cv. ICV-1 plus éléves que sur cv. ICV-12 ainsi que sur des plantes infestées et non infestées. On en a conclu que les infestations des nymphes et adultes de l'aphide du niébé ont causé des effets adverses significatifs sur la performance du niébé et que les réactions de la plante ont vané en fonction des variétés et de différents stages de croissance au sein d'une même variété.

Keywords

Aphis craccivoraHomopteraCheilomenes spp.aphid stagesorthogonal contrastsnet assimilation rateICV-12aphid resistanceAphis craccivoraHomopteraChilomenes spp.stades d'aphidecontrastes orthogonauxtaux net d'assimilationICV-12résistance aux aphides
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 15 , Issue 4-5 , October 1994 , pp. 401 - 410
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1994

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