The scholarly attitudes toward the socio-historical diversity of Turkey vary from benign neglect or indifference to confusion and tension. Quite common among state-centric scholars (e.g., Bernard Lewis, Stanford Shaw, and Feroz Ahmad) is insensitivity toward religious, ethnic, and regional differences, as well as a general lack of interest in the connection between domestic and foreign policy. These attitudes have recently been tempered by the work of new scholars such as Nilufer Gole, Jenny White, and Michael Meeker.