Authors’ Note: We thank Prof. Uri M. Kupferschmidt for his assistance as well as the IJMES editor and reviewers for their helpful comments.

¹ Although Al-Waqaʾiʿ al-Misriyya (Egyptian Events), founded by Muhammad ʿAli, had appeared since 1828 in Egypt, it was official in nature and did not include items with a broad public appeal.

² The early days of the nahḍa in Greater Syria, in the 1840s, have not been examined in detail as yet. However, the nahḍa was clearly a multicausal sociocultural phenomenon that lay at the confluence of diverse processes, such as the rise of the middle class (especially in Beirut), the expansion of educational opportunities, the emergence of an intelligentsia, and the encounter with Western culture, ideas, and technology.

³ Baron, Beth, The Women's Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society and the Press (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994)Google Scholar; Booth, Marilyn, May Her Likes Be Multiplied: Biography and Gender Politics in Egypt (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Thompson, Elizabeth, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Tucker, Judith, Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bier, Laura, “Modernity and the Other Woman: Gender and National Identity in the Egyptian Women's Press, 1952–1967,” Gender & History 16 (2004): 99–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elsadda, Hoda, “Gendered Citizenship: Discourses on Domesticity in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Hawwa: Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World 4 (2006): 1–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Badran, Margot, “The Feminist Vision in the Writings of Three Turn-of-the-Century Egyptian Women,” Bulletin of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies 15 (1988): 11–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Cannon, Byron D., “Nineteenth-Century Arabic Writings on Women and Society: The Interim Role of the Masonic Press in Cairo (al-Latif, 1885–1895),” International Journal of Middle East Studies 17 (1985): 462–84Google Scholar; Cole, Juan R. I., “Feminism, Class, and Islam in Turn-of-the-Century Egypt,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 13 (1981): 387–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ Glas, Dagmar, Der Muqtataf und seine Öffentlichkeit: Aufklärung, Räsonnement und Meinungsstreit in der Frühen arabisschen Zeitschriftenkommunikation, 2 vols. (Würtzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag, 2004)Google Scholar; Zachs, Fruma, The Making of a Syrian Identity: Intellectuals and Merchants in Nineteenth-Century Beirut (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2005)Google Scholar; Booth, May Her Likes Be Multiplied. Booth does devote attention to such a debate in a 20th-century journal; see “Women in Islam: Men and the ‘Women's Press’ in the Turn-of-the-20th-Century Press,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 33 (2001): 171–201. For a more recent study, see Ayalon, Ami, “Private Publishing in the Nahḍa,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 40 (2008): 561–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶ Khater, Akram Fouad, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870–1920 (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2001), 148Google Scholar.

⁷ Zeidan, Joseph T., Arab Women Novelists: The Formative Years (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1995), 13Google Scholar. Leila Ahmed expresses a modified view in Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 128.

⁸ Ayalon, Ami, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 28–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Philipp, Thomas, The Syrians in Egypt (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1985)Google Scholar.

⁹ LaCapra, Dominick, Rethinking Intellectual History: Texts, Contexts, Language (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 48–52Google Scholar; see also Wejnert, Barbara J., “Integrating Models of Diffusion of Innovations: A Conceptual Framework,” Annual Reviews in Sociology 28 (2002): 297–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ Baron, Beth, “Readers and the Women's Press in Egypt,” Poetics Today 15 (1994): 226CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ We have excluded from this study later, shorter-lived newspapers published in Egypt (e.g., Al-Fatat, 1892–94, Al-Ustadh, 1892–93) that were examined by earlier scholars, as well as Al-Jawaʾib (1860–83), published in Istanbul. Hadiqat al-Akhbar appeared until about 1911 (the exact date remains unknown). The issues from 1868 to 1881 and 1888 to 1911 have been lost, so we are unable to establish a clear pattern of the development of themes in this journal. Al-Muqtataf continued until 1952 and Thamarat al-Funun to 1908; Al-Hilal continues to this day. For information regarding the circulation numbers of these journals, see Hafez, Sabry, The Genesis of Arabic Narrative Discourse: A Study in the Sociology of Modern Arabic Literature (London: Saqi Books, 1993), 279Google Scholar, fn. 75.

¹² These themes reverberate through the fiction published in these periodicals; an in-depth study of them, however, lies beyond the scope of this article. See Halevi, Sharon and Zachs, Fruma, “Asma (1873): The Early Arabic Novel as a Social Compass,” Studies in the Novel 39 (2007): 416–30Google Scholar.

¹³ Zachs, Fruma, “Building a Cultural Identity: The Case of Khalil al-Khuri,” in From the Syrian Land to the States of Syria and Lebanon, ed. Philipp, Thomas and Schumann, Christoph (Beirut: Beiruter Texte und Studien, 2004), 30Google Scholar.

¹⁴ “Ikhtiraʿ Tilighraf Jadid” (The Invention of a New Telegraph), Hadiqat al-Akhbar 30 (July 1858): 4.

¹⁵ al-Khuri, Khalil, “Talab al-Samah” (An Apology), Hadiqat al-Akhbar 31 (August 1858): 3Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁷ Kelly, Joan, “Early Feminist Theory and the ‘Querelle des Femmes,’ 1400–1789,” Signs 8 (1982): 4–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ Thompson, Colonial Citizens, 93; Kallas, Jurj, Al-Haraka al-Fikriyya al-Nasawiyya fi ʿAsr al-Nahda, 1849–1923 (The Women's Intellectual Movement in the Nahda Period) (Beirut: Dar al-Jil, 1996), 198–217Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Booth, May Her Likes Be Multiplied, 135; Zachs, The Making of a Syrian Identity, 223–24; Al-Fatat, 1 March 1894, 521.

²⁰ Baz, Jurji Niqula, Al-Nisaʾiyat: Kitab Adabi Akhlaqi Ijtimaʿi (Women's Matters: A Book on Culture, Manners, and Society) (Beirut: al-Matbaʿa al-ʿAbasiyya, 1919), 89Google Scholar.

²¹ Al-Bustani collected eighteen such addresses in Aʿmal al-Jamʿiyya al-Suriyya (Beirut: n.p., 1852). A summary of the lecture was reprinted in 1882 in Al-Jinan. See Al-Haraka al-Fikriyya, 36–37, 54.

²² Kyat, Assad Y., Voice from Lebanon with the Life and Travels (London: Madden & Co., 1847), 179Google Scholar.

²³ In these years female education in Greater Syria expanded considerably. See Kallas, Al-Haraka al-Fikriyya, 61–98. See also Sabʾa, Anisa, “Thiyudura Haddad,” Al-Muqtataf 14 (1889): 254–65Google Scholar.

²⁴ For more on the adaption and translation of foreign texts into Arabic, see Halevi and Zachs, “Asma,” 419.

²⁵ al-Khuri, Khalil, “Al-Kitab al-Faransawi al-Musami bi-l-Nisaʾ” (The French Book Entitled Les femmes), Hadiqat al-Akhbar 77 (July 1859): 4Google Scholar. See also Bawardi, Basilius, “Hadiqat al-Akhbar Newspaper and Its Pioneering Role in the Arabic Narrative Fiction,” Die Welt der Islam 48 (2008): 170–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Jessup, Henry Harris, The Women of the Arabs (New York: Dodd & Mead, 1873, reprinted 1982), 136Google Scholar; Halevi and Zachs, “Asma,” 420.

²⁷ Ziyada, Mayy, “Warda al-Yaziji,” Al-Muqtataf 65 (1924): 3Google Scholar

²⁸ al-Bustani, Adelaide, “Hinri wa-Imilya,” Al-Jinan 1 (1870): 366–67, 406–407Google Scholar; Sadqah, Jibraʾil, “Fi Huquq al-Nisaʾ” (On the Rights of Women), Al-Jinan 1 (1870): 401–2Google Scholar.

²⁹ al-Bustani, Salim, “Asma,” Al-Jinan 4 (1873): 826–27Google Scholar.

³⁰ Masarra, Wastin, “Al-Tarbiyya” (Education), Al-Jinan 2 (1871): 54–56Google Scholar.

³¹ Kallas, Al-Haraka al-Fikriyya, 234–35; Marrash, Maryana, “Shamat al-Jinan” (The Gardens’ Beauty Spots), Al-Jinan 1 (1870): 467–68Google Scholar.

³² “Fransis Fathallah Marrash,” Al-Hilal 5 (1897): 742–44.

³³ Marrash, Fransis, “Al-Marʾa bayn al-Khashuna wa-l-Tamaddun” (The Woman between Barbarity and Civilization), Al-Jinan 3 (1872): 588Google Scholar.

³⁴ Marrash, Fransis, “Fi Taʿlim al-Marʾa” (On the Education of Woman), Al-Jinan 3 (1872): 769Google Scholar.

³⁵ Shakur, Farida, “Fi al-Nisaʾ” (On Women), Al-Jinan 5 (1874): 279Google Scholar. In the article she is identified only as the wife of the late Mansur Shakur.

³⁶ Kassab, Salim, “Taʾthir al-Walida” (Influence of the Mother), Al-Jinan 16 (1885): 140Google Scholar. Al-Bustani voices similar views regarding women and the nation in his historical novels, especially in Zanubya (1871). al-Khuri, Wadiʿ, “Al-Nisaʾ” (Women), Al-Jinan 16 (1885): 178–81Google Scholar, 210–14.

³⁷ Salim Kassab was an educator and the father of Marie Kassab, who in 1918 founded an elementary girls’ school in Beirut; Kallas, Al-Haraka al-Fikriyya, 66.

³⁸ Kassab, “Taʾthir al-Walida,” 138.

³⁹ Ibid, 140.

⁴⁰ Farag, Nadia, “The Lewis Affair and the Fortunes of al-Muqtataf,” Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972): 73–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elshakry, Marwa, “The Gospel of Science and American Evangelicalism in Late Ottoman Beirut,” Past and Present 196 (2007): 173–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Alaya, Flavia, “Victorian Science and the ‘Genius’ of Woman,” Journal of the History of Ideas 38 (1977): 261–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Fee, Elizabeth, “The Sexual Politics of Victorian Social Anthropology,” Feminist Studies 1, nos. 3/4 (1973): 22–39Google Scholar; Kerber, Linda K., “The Republican Mother: Women and the Enlightenment—An American Perspective,” American Quarterly 28 (1976): 187–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴² Shahada, Shams, “Al-Haqq Awla an Yuqal” (Justice Is the First Thing to Be Said) Al-Muqtataf 8 (1883): 203–7Google Scholar. The item appeared in a regular column entitled “Tadbir al-Manzal” (Arranging the Home), which dealt with a variety of domestic matters (e.g., hygiene, dress, and child education) commented on by women intellectuals as well as ordinary readers. See Yanni, Hannih, “Madarr al-Tamaddun al-Urubi wa-Manafiʿuhu” (The Harm and Benefit of European Culture), Al-Muqtataf 10 (1885): 36–37Google Scholar; Khater, Amin Abu, “Huquq al-Nisaʾ” (The Rights of Women), Al-Muqtataf 10 (1886): 621–23Google Scholar.

⁴³ Shahada, “Al-Haqq Awla an Yuqal,” 205.

⁴⁴ Khalid was Al-Fatat's distributor in Mount Lebanon and frequently contributed poems as well as articles advocating women's higher education; see, for example, “Iqtirah Hasna baʿd Wajibat al-Marʾa” (Good Propositions for the Duties of Women), Al-Fatat 1, no. 7 (June 1893): 295–300.

⁴⁵ Makariyus, Maryam, “Al-Khansaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 9 (1885): 622–26Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Khatir, Amin Abu, “Huquq al-Nisaʾ” (The Rights of Women), Al-Muqtataf 10 (1886): 621–23Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ al-Khuri, Wadiʿ, “Huquq al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 11 (1886): 170–75Google Scholar; Antunyus, Najib, “Huquq al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 11 (1886): 232–37Google Scholar; Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll and Rosenberg, Charles, “The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Women and their Role in Nineteenth-Century America,” Journal of American History 60 (1973): 332–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

⁴⁸ Shumayil, Shibli, “Tarjamatuhu” (His Autobiography), Al-Muqtataf 50 (1917): 105–12Google Scholar. Shumayil was born in Qfar Shima, Lebanon, studied at the Syrian Protestant College, and later studied medicine in Paris. A strong proponent of Darwinian theories, he translated into Arabic some of Herbert Spencer's and Ludwig Büchner's works.

⁴⁹ Shumayil, Shibli, “Al-Marʾa wa-l-Rajul wa-Hal Yatasawayan” (The Woman and the Man: Are They Equal?), Al-Muqtataf 11 (1887): 355–60, 401–5Google Scholar; quotation is on p. 405. Shumayil collated his articles into a two-volume collection; see idem, Kitab Falsafat al-Nushuʾ wa-l-Irtiqaʿ Majmuʿat al-Duktur Shibli Shumayil (A Philosophical Book on Growth and Development: A Collection of Doctor Shibli Shumayil[’s Writings]), 2 vols. (Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Muqtataf, 1910).

⁵⁰ M. A. Y., “Difaʿ al-Nisaʾ ʿan al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 11 (1887): 685–86.

⁵¹ Hajjar, Rahil, “Difaʿ al-Nisaʾ ʿan al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 11 (1887): 686–87Google Scholar.

⁵² Makariyus, “Difaʿ al-Nisaʾ ʿan al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 11 (1887): 688–89. Makariyus, born in Hasbayya, Lebanon, studied in a missionary school in Beirut until 1885, when she left for Egypt. She married Shahin Makariyus (one of the editors of Al-Muqtataf) and hosted a cultural salon attended by men and women. In 1880, with a group of women friends, she founded a cultural society, Bakurat Suriya, and another for promoting education among poor women; she wrote about women's lives and scientific matters. One of her doctors, Shibli Shumayil, was at her bedside when she died.

⁵³ Matar, Maryam, “Difaʿ al-Nisaʾ ʿan al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 11 (1887): 745–47Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Saʿd, Khalil, “Al-Marʾa wa-l-Rajul wa-Hal Yatasawayan” (The Woman and the Man Are They Equal?), Al-Muqtataf 11 (1887): 749–50Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ Shumayil, “Al-Marʾa wa-l-Rajul wa-Hal Yatasawayan—Radd” (The Woman and the Man: Are They Equal? An Answer), Al-Muqtataf 12 (1887): 50–59.

⁵⁶ The debate also took place in other short-lived journals. See Cannon, “Nineteenth-Century Arabic Writings,” 463–84.

⁵⁷ Two other Syrian émigrés also established journals in Egypt: Rashid Rida (1865–1935), a Muslim intellectual from the Tripoli area, founded Al-Manar (The Lighthouse, 1898–1935) and Ibrahim al-Yaziji (brother of poets Khalil and Warda al-Yaziji) founded Al-Diyaʾ (1898–1906).

⁵⁸ Zaki, M., “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ ʿan Yatlubna Kull Huquq al-Rijal” (Will Women Demand All Men's Rights?), Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 304–6Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Al-Azhari later translated from Dumas in Al-Fatat. See Booth, May Her Likes Be Multiplied, 45.

⁶⁰ al-Khuri, Amin, “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ ʿan Yatlubna Kull Huquq al-Rijal,” Al-Hilal 2 (1893): 366–69Google Scholar; idem, Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 463–70; idem, Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 532–35; idem, Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 563–67; idem, Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 622–29.

⁶¹ al-Khuri, Jirjis Iliyas, “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ ʿan Yatlubna Kull Huquq al-Rijal,” Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 435–38Google Scholar; Bahiya, “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ . . .,” Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 590–93; Antaki, Maram, “Al-Haqq Ahaqq an Yutbaʿ” (Justice Has the Right to Be Printed), Al-Fatat 1, no. 12 (March 1894): 560–67Google Scholar; al-Azhari, Istir, “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ . . .,” Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 438–40Google Scholar; idem, Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 561–63; Dumit, Jabir, “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ . . .,” Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 526–32Google Scholar; “The Moderate,” “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ . . .,” Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 491–93; Anonymous, “Hal li-l-Nisaʾ . . .,” Al-Hilal 2 (1894): 567–69.

⁶² Sarruf, Yaqut, “Al-Sayyida Nasra Ilyas” (Mrs. Nasra Ilyas), Al-Muqtataf, 13 (1888): 549–50Google Scholar.

⁶³ ʿAnbara Salam al-Khalidi, Jawla fi al-Dhikrayat bayn Lubnan wa-Filastin (A Journey through Memories of Lebanon and Palestine) (Beirut: Dar al-Nahar li-l-Nashr, 1978), 32. For more on the literary salons led by women, see Zeidan, Arab Women Novelists, 50–55.

⁶⁴ Khater, Inventing Home, 149.

⁶⁵ “Aisha Ismat al-Taimuriya,” in Opening the Gates: A Century of Arab Feminist Writing, ed. Margot Badran and Miriam Cooke (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Unversity Press, 1990), 126–33; “Maqdirat al-Marʾa” (The Abilities of Woman), Al-Muqtataf 21 (1897): 59–60; “Hadaya wa-Taqariz” (Gifts and Donations), Al-Muqtataf 16 (1892): 708.

⁶⁶ Sarruf, Yaqut, “Muʾtamar al-Nisaʾ al-ʿAmm” (General Convention of Women), Al-Muqtataf 23 (1899): 564–68Google Scholar. Sarruf was preceded in the International Council of Women (ICW) by writer and author Hanna Kasbani Kurani (1870–98), who attended the ICW Chicago meeting in 1893. Also see Booth, May Her Likes Be Multiplied, 69; Zaynab Fawwaz, “Fair and Equal Treatment,” in Opening the Gates, 220–26.

⁶⁷ ʿAli, Amir, “Al-Nisaʾ fi al-Islam” (Women in Islam), Al-Muqtataf 23 (1899): 427–33, 489–97Google Scholar. See Martin Forward, The Failure of Islamic Modernism? Syed Ameer Ali's Interpretation of Islam (Bern: Peter Lang, 1999), 152.

⁶⁸ Ayalon, The Press, 36–37. See also Booth, “Woman in Islam,” 171–201.

⁶⁹ Maryam ibnat Jibraʾil Nasrʾallah al-Nahhas al-Tarabulusiyya al-Suriyya, Mithal li-Kitab Maʿrid al-Hasnaʾ fi Tarajim Mashahir al-Nisaʾ (Alexandria: Matabaʿat Jaridat Misr, 1879). Nahhas’ husband, journalist Nasim Nawfal, was highly supportive of his wife's literary endeavors. Nahhas and Nawfal's daughter, author Hind Nawfal (1875–1957), founded the women's journal Al-Fatat (The Young Woman, 1892–94).

⁷⁰ Nahhas, Maryam, “Iʿlan,” Thamarat al-Funun 32 (1875)Google Scholar. Only fragments of the two volumes (500 pages each) have survived, so this notice sheds some light on its contents. This 1875 announcement of her forthcoming book precedes the later one (1879 in Egypt) most often referred to in the literature. See Booth, May Her Likes Be Multiplied, 2.

⁷¹ Turkish author and philosopher Fatma Aliye (1862–1939) also published a notice of her book Muslim Women in 1893; “Nisaʾ al-Muslimin,” Thamarat al-Funun 916 (1893). See Çakur, Serpil, “Fatma Aliye,” Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries, ed. Haan, Francisca de, Daskalova, Krasimira, and Loutfi, Anna (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 21–24Google Scholar.

⁷² “Al-Zawaj wa-Muʿashirat al-ʿIyal fi Uruba” (Marriage and the Birthrate in Europe), Thamarat al-Funun 930 (1893).

⁷³ Kawkab Amrika was an Arabic newspaper published in the United States from 1892.

⁷⁴ “Malabis al-Nisaʾ” (Women's Clothes), Thamarat al-Funun 936 (1893); “Malabis al-Nisaʾ,” Thamarat al-Funun 1001 (1894). Also see Amy Kesselman, “The ‘Freedom Suit’: Feminism and Dress Reform in the United States, 1848–1875,” Gender & Society 5 (1991): 494–510.

⁷⁵ “Al-Mashadd” (The Debate), Al-Hilal 5 (1896): 134–37.

⁷⁶ Offen, Karen, “Ernst Legouvé and the Doctrine of ‘Equality in Difference’ for Women: A Case Study of Male Feminism in Nineteenth-Century French Thought,” Journal of Modern History 58 (1985): 452–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; quotation is on 468.

⁷⁷ “Masʾalat al-Nisaʾ” (The Woman Question), Thamarat al-Funun 1258, 1259, 1260 (1899) and 1280, 1282, 1293, 1296, 1301, 1306, 1307, 1323 (1899).

⁷⁸ “Masʾalat al-Nisaʾ,” Thamarat al-Funun 1260 (1899).

⁷⁹ “Masʾalat al-Nisaʾ,” Thamarat al-Funun 1258, 1259 (1899). For more on the model modern Muslim wife, see Hatem, Mervat F., “The Nineteenth-Century Discursive Roots of the Continuing Debate on the Social-Sexual Contract in Today's Egypt,” Hawwa 2 (2004): 70–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁰ “Al-Fata al-Sharqiyya fi Akhir al-Qarn al-Tasiʿ ʿAshr” (The Eastern Girl at the End of the 19th Century), Al-Hilal 6 (1897): 169–74.

⁸¹ Wadiʿ, Abu Raziq, “Huquq al-Nisaʾ” (The Rights of Women), Al-Muqtataf 20 (1896): 131–32Google Scholar.

⁸² Anonymous, “Huquq al-Nisaʾ,” Al-Muqtataf 20 (1896): 198–99.

⁸³ Cole, “Feminism, Class, and Islam,” 392.

⁸⁴ For more details, see Fruma Zachs, “Under Eastern Eyes: East on West in Arabic Press of the Nahda Period,” Studia Islamica (forthcoming).