^{page 124 note 1} This study originally was presented as a paper to the Second Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association held in Austin, , Texas, on 15 December 1968.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 2} Bernard, Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (2nd ed., London, 1968), p. 179.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 3} For a biography of Said Paşa, see Islàm Ansikiopedisi, s.v. (by E. Kuran).

^{page 125 note 1} Vol. VIII (Ankara, 1947).

^{page 125 note 2} On the other hand, conservative historians underestimate Said Paş's contribution to the modernization of Turkey, as they tend to attribute all achievements under Abdulhamid to the initiative of the Sultan himself (cf. Ismail Hami Danişmend, Izahit Osmanit tarihi kronolojisi (Istanbul, 1947–1961), vol. IV, pp. 377–8).Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 3} British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914, ed. Gooch, G. P. and Harold, Temperley (London, 1927–1938), vol. v, p. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 4} Said Paşcann hatirati (Istanbul, A.H. 1328), vol. I, pp. 388–90.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 5} Said Paş's appointment with the title of Grand Vezir (Sadr-i Azam) occurred first at his fourth nomination to the post, on 21 Muharrem 1300/2 December 1882. For the changes of the title, see B. Lewis, ‘Bavekil’, EI², vol. I.

^{page 126 note 1} Said Paşnzn hatirati, p. 423.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 2} Ibid. p. 433.

^{page 127 note 1} Ibid. pp. 202–6.

^{page 127 note 2} Faik, Reşt Unat, Turkiye egitim sisteminin gelşmesine tarihi bir barkiş (Ankara, 1964), p. 45. A Mülkiye idaisi also was opened in Istanbul in 1873.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 3} Said Paşann hatirati, vol. I, p. 156.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 1} Ibid. vol. II, pp. 403–5.

^{page 128 note 2} The closing of the School of Finance (Mekteb-i Füinun-i Maliye) in 1882 was probably due to the rivalry of the Mülkiye School, whose curriculum largely covered the same subject matter (Osman, Ergin, Türkiye Maarif Tarihi (Istanbul, 1939–1934), vol. III, p. 889).Google Scholar The School of Languages lasted nine years, being closed in 1890 (Cavide, Işiksal, ‘Türkiye'de açilan ilk yabanci dil okullari’, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, no. 8 (05 1968), p. 31)Google Scholar or in 1892 (Unat, , p. 72 n. 54).Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 3} Said Paşamn hatiratt, vol. I, pp. 572–76.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 4} Said Paşa also contributed to the opening in 1882 of the Bayezid General Library in Istanbul by supporting the petition of the Ministry of Education in seeking the approval of the Sultan (Muzaffer Gökman, Bayezit Umumi Kütüphanesi (Istanbul, 1956), pp. 4–5).Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 1} Said Paşamn hatirati, p. 176.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 2} Mehmet, Varinli, Halil Rifat Paşa (Sivas, 1964), pp. 6–8.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 1} Mahmud, Cevad, Maarzif-i umumiye nezareti tarihçe-i teşkilàt ve icraati (Istanbul, A.H. 1338), p. 467;Google ScholarSalname-i nezaret-i maarif-i umumiye, 1317 (Istanbul, A.H.1317), pp. 717–1490passim. The above figure does not include the enrollment in the Imperial Lycáe of Galatasaray, nor in the private secondary schools like the Darüşşafaka and in the military idadiyes.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 2} Hayri, Mutluçay, ‘Dünkü ve bugülnkü yüksek üğrenim sorunlari’, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, no. 10 (July 1968), p. 48.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 3} Said Paşanm hatirati, vol. III, p. 32.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 1} Ibid. vol. II, pp. 32–5.

^{page 131 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, pp. 430-I.

^{page 131 note 3} Karal, , Osmanlz Tarihi, vol. 8, p. 403, quoting Atif Hüseyin, Abdülhamidin hatiralart note-book no. I (manuscript).Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 4} Cf., Frank Tachau, ‘The Search for National Identity Among the Turks’, Die Welt des Islams, N.S. vol. 8 (1962–1963), pp. 165–76.Google Scholar