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The devil is in the details: Factors influencing hand hygiene adherence and contamination with antibiotic-resistant organisms among healthcare providers in nursing facilities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2019

John P. Mills Open the ORCID record for John P. Mills [Opens in a new window] ,
Ziwei Zhu ,
Julia Mantey ,
Savannah Hatt ,
Payal Patel ,
Keith S. Kaye ,
Kristen Gibson ,
Marco Cassone ,
Bonnie Lansing  and
Lona Mody
John P. Mills*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ziwei Zhu
Affiliation:
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Julia Mantey
Affiliation:
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Savannah Hatt
Affiliation:
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Payal Patel
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Keith S. Kaye
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Kristen Gibson
Affiliation:
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Marco Cassone
Affiliation:
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Bonnie Lansing
Affiliation:
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Lona Mody
Affiliation:
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans’ Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
*
Author for correspondence: John P. Mills, Email: millsjo@umich.edu
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Abstract

Background:

Antibiotic-resistant organism (ARO) colonization rates in skilled nursing facilities (NFs) are high; hand hygiene is crucial to interrupt transmission. We aimed to determine factors associated with hand hygiene adherence in NFs and to assess rates of ARO acquisition among healthcare personnel (HCP).

Methods:

HCP were observed during routine care at 6 NFs. We recorded hand hygiene adherence, glove use, activities, and time in room. HCP hands were cultured before and after patient care; patients and high-touch surfaces were cultured. HCP activities were categorized as high-versus low-risk for self-contamination. Multivariable regression was performed to identify predictors of hand hygiene adherence.

Results:

We recorded 385 HCP observations and paired them with cultures performed before and after patient care. Hand hygiene adherence occurred in 96 of 352 observations (27.3%) before patient care and 165 of 358 observations (46.1%) after patient care. Gloves were worn in 169 of 376 observations (44.9%). Higher adherence was associated with glove use before patient care (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–4.54) and after patient care (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.77–5.48). Compared with nurses, certified nurse assistants had lower hand hygiene adherence (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15–0.67) before patient care and physical/occupational therapists (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11–0.44) after patient care. Hand hygiene varied by activity performed and time in the room. HCP hands were contaminated with AROs in 35 of 385 cultures of hands before patient care (0.9%) and 22 of 350 cultures of hands after patient care (6.3%).

Conclusions:

Hand hygiene adherence in NFs remain low; it is influenced by job title, type of care activity, and glove use. Hand hygiene programs should incorporate these unique care and staffing factors to reduce ARO transmission.

Type
Original Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 40 , Issue 12 , December 2019 , pp. 1394 - 1399
Copyright
© 2019 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved. 

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