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A Failed Challenge to Validity Generalization: Addressing a Fundamental Misunderstanding of the Nature of VG

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2017

Frank L. Schmidt ,
Chockalingam Viswesvaran ,
Deniz S. Ones  and
Huy Le
Frank L. Schmidt
Affiliation:
University of Iowa
Chockalingam Viswesvaran*
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Deniz S. Ones*
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Huy Le
Affiliation:
University of Texas at San Antonio
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Chockalingam Viswesvaran, Florida International University, Department of Psychology, University Park, Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: Vish@fiu.edu
Deniz S. Ones, University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail: Deniz.S.Ones-1@tc.umn.edu
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Extract

The lengthy and complex focal article by Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of validity generalization (VG): It is based on the assumption that what is generalized in VG is the estimated value of mean rho ($\bar{\rho}$). This erroneous assumption is stated repeatedly throughout the article. A conclusion of validity generalization does not imply that $\bar{\rho}$ is identical across all situations. If VG is present, most, if not all, validities in the validity distribution are positive and useful even if there is some variation in that distribution. What is generalized is the entire distribution of rho ($\bar{\rho}$), not just the estimated $\bar{\rho}$ or any other specific value of validity included in the distribution. This distribution is described by its mean ($\bar{\rho}$) and standard deviation (SDρ). A helpful concept based on these parameters (assuming ρ is normally distributed) is the credibility interval, which reflects the range where most of the values of ρ can be found. The lower end of the 80% credibility interval (the 90% credibility value, CV = $\bar{\rho}$ – 1.28 × SDρ) is used to facilitate understanding of this distribution by indicating the statistical “worst case” for validity, for practitioners using VG. Validity has an estimated 90% chance of lying above this value. This concept has long been recognized in the literature (see Hunter & Hunter, 1984, for an example; see also Schmidt, Law, Hunter, Rothstein, Pearlman, & McDaniel, 1993, and hundreds of VG articles that have appeared in the literature over the past 40 years since the invention of psychometric meta-analysis as a means of examining VG [Schmidt & Hunter, 1977]). The $\bar{\rho}$ is the value in the distribution with the highest likelihood of occurring (although often by only a small amount), but it is the whole distribution that is generalized. Tett et al. (2017) state that some meta-analysis articles claim that they are generalizing only $\bar{\rho}$. If true, this is inappropriate. Because $\bar{\rho}$ has the highest likelihood in the ρ distribution, discussion often focuses on that value as a matter of convenience, but $\bar{\rho}$ is not what is generalized in VG. What is generalized is the conclusion that there is validity throughout the credibility interval. The false assumption that it is $\bar{\rho}$ and not the ρ distribution as a whole that is generalized in VG is the basis for the Tett et al. article and is its Achilles heel. In this commentary, we examine the target article's basic arguments and point out errors and omissions that led Tett et al. to falsely conclude that VG is a “myth.”

Type
Commentaries
Information
Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , September 2017 , pp. 488 - 495
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2017 

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Footnotes

The order of authorship following the lead author is by seniority. We thank Philip Roth and In-Sue Oh for suggestions and comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

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