Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T09:12:21.465Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Daoist Ecofeminism as a New Democracy: An Analysis of Patriarchy in Contemporary China and a Tentative Solution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 May 2022

Jing Liu*
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy and Social Development, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China, 250014
*
Corresponding author. jing6@hawaii.edu

Abstract

The pain caused by the patriarchal totalitarianism of different modern political regimes is felt by everyone in our time: poverty, unemployment, high exploitation of both nature and humans, systematic oppression, persecution and domination, and pollution that threatens human existence. This article analyzes the different forms of patriarchy in contemporary China and explores a feminist way out. The first part examines how modern patriarchy unfolds itself through the land-enclosure movement that has caused serious pollution in China. I will show that the patriarchal process of development is a double exploitation of both nature and humans. The second part turns to the patriarchy in traditional Chinese philosophies and explores possible dangers in Confucian feminism. In the last part I try to posit as a solution Daoist ecofeminism as a new democracy, wherein the feminist ontology and the freedom of all beings will be explored.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hypatia, a Nonprofit Corporation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ames, Roger and David Hall, . 2003. Dao De Jing: A philosophical translation. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Barnet, Richard J. 1981. The lean years: Politics in the age of scarcity. London: Abacus.Google Scholar
BBC China. 2015. 4000 people die of air pollution per day in China. BBC China, August 13. http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2015/08/150813_china_pollution_report.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2014a. More than a dozen local officials punished by petitioners who committed suicide by drinking pesticides. BBC News, July 28. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2014/07/140728_china_petitioner_suicide_punishment.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2014b. Report: one fifth of China's soil contaminated. BBC News, April 18. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27076645.Google Scholar
Bloom, Irene. 2009. Mencius. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Braidotti, Rosi. 2013. The posthuman. Malden, Mass.: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Buckley, Chris. 2016. Rural water, not city smog, may be China's pollution nightmare. The New York Times, April 11. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/world/asia/china-underground-water-pollution.html.Google Scholar
Ekelund, Lotta, and Kristina Bjurling, . 2004. Santa's workshop: Inside China's slave labor toy factories. YouTube video, 32:44, December 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yF8jUDzz5bE.Google Scholar
Farrington, Benjamin. 1970. The philosophy of Francis Bacon. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.Google Scholar
Fu, Jing. 2009. An analysis of the problem of female college graduate employment in regard to gender discrimination. Journal of Hehai University 11 (1): 8689. (傅静, “从性别歧视的角度简析女大学生就业问题”, 河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 第十一卷第一期, 2009 年 3 月).Google Scholar
Huang, Jingqiang. 1980. Women in my family, written by Li, Bihua,; directed by Huang, Jingqiang,. Radio Television Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Langfitt, Frank. 2012. For complainers, a stint in China's “black jails.” All Things Considered, November 1. https://www.npr.org/2012/11/01/163949720/for-complainers-a-stint-in-chinas-black-jails.Google Scholar
Leibniz, Gottfried Wihelm. 1969. Philosophical papers and letters. Trans. Loemker, L. E.. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Li, Daoping 李道平. 1994. Collected Commentaries on the Yijing 周易集解纂疏. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局.Google Scholar
Li, Peilin. 2018. Deep changes in class and strata structure in China. Beijing Daily, January 29.Google Scholar
Liu, Xiaogan 劉笑敢. 2006. Laozi gujin 老子古今: 五種對勘與析評引論. Beijing: China Society Science Publishing House 中国社会科学出版社.Google Scholar
Liu, Jing. 2016. What is nature? Ziran in early Daoist thinking. Asian Philosophy 26 (3): 265–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Jing. 2017. Be-ing (you 有) and non-be-ing (wu 無) in the Dao De Jing. Asian Philosophy 27 (2): 8599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1987. Difference and dominance: On sex discrimination. In Feminism unmodified: Discourses on life and law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. 1990. Capital, vol. I. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Merchant, Carolyn. 1989. Death of nature: Women, ecology and the scientific revolution. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Qing, Jiang. 2015. Only Confucianism can settle modern women. The Confucian Network. https://www.rujiazg.com/article/6034.Google Scholar
Rosenlee, Li-Hsiang Lisa. 2016. Multiculturalism and feminism revisited: A hybridized Confucian care ethic. In The Bloomsbury research handbook of Chinese philosophy and gender, ed. Pang-White, Ann A.. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Pancho. 2015. Land grabs in contemporary China. https://libcom.org/blog/china-land-grabs.Google Scholar
Sargeson, Sally. 2008. Women's property, women's agency in China's “new enclosure movement”: Evidence from Zhejiang. Development and Change 39 (4): 641–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southern Metropolis China. 2012. Forced eviction in China, YouTube video, 13:29, January 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJeTnQxQk-I.Google Scholar
UNHCR USA. 2020. How many refugees are there around the world? https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.Google Scholar
Wang, Jiuliang, dir. 2016. Plastic China. Surrey, UK: Journeyman Pictures.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, Robin. 2017. Dao becomes female: A gendered reality, knowledge, and the strategy for living. In The Routledge companion to feminist philosophy, ed. Garry, Ann, Khader, Serene J., and Stone, Alison. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yulin. 2014. Understanding China's land-enclosure movement. Discovering Rural China 3: 1825.Google Scholar