Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-495rp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-22T04:12:31.017Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF METHODIST TICKETS, AND ASSOCIATED PRACTICES OF COLLECTING AND RECOLLECTING, 1741–2017

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2019

SARAH LLOYD
SARAH LLOYD*
Affiliation:
University of Hertfordshire
*
School of Humanities, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, al10 9abs.v.lloyd@herts.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Among all the paper ephemera surviving from eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain, the humble Methodist ticket has attracted little attention from scholars and collectors. Issued quarterly to members as a testimonial to religious conduct, many still exist, reflecting the sheer quantity produced by 1850, and the significance of keeping practices, where Methodist habits were distinctive. This article explores first the origin and spread of tickets primarily within British Methodism, but also noting its trans-oceanic contexts. Apparently inconsequential objects, they shaped experience and knowledge, illuminating eighteenth-century religious life, female participation, and plebeian agency. Discussion then turns to patterns of saving and memorialization that from the 1740s preserved Methodists’ tickets. Such practices extended the lifecycle of the individual ticket and created the accidents of its survival, giving it new uses as an institutional resource. In recovering the dead, it acquired nostalgic value, but other capacities were lost and forgotten. The ticket's origins, uses, and preservation intersect with major historical and historiographical currents to complicate established narratives of print, urban association, and commerce, and to present alternative understandings of collecting.

Type
Article
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 63 , Issue 2 , March 2020 , pp. 361 - 388
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 E.g. Tuer, Andrew White, Bartolozzi and his works (London, 1885)Google Scholar.

2 Russell, Gillian, ‘Sarah Sophia Banks's private theatricals: ephemera, sociability and the archiving of fashionable life’, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 27 (2015), pp. 535–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Estimate based on Methodist membership figures. The number of tickets surviving in archives and private ownership across the world is unknown and probably unknowable.

4 This article discusses a selection of items, mainly from six major archives: University of Manchester, John Rylands Library (JRL); Oxford Centre for Methodism and Church History (OCMCH); Museum of Primitive Methodism, Englesea Brook; New Room, Bristol; Museum of Methodism & John Wesley's House, London; United Methodist Archives and History Center (UMAHC), Drew University, New Jersey. Sources include: thirty-one albums of Methodist tickets issued before 1850; a comparable number of sets, kept in envelopes and boxes, or mounted for exhibition; loose and miscellaneous tickets, often uncatalogued.

5 E.g. Hempton, David, Methodism: empire of the spirit (New Haven, CT, and London, 2005)Google Scholar; Mack, Phyllis, Heart religion in the British Enlightenment: gender and emotion in early Methodism (Cambridge, 2008)Google Scholar; Norris, Clive Murray, The financing of John Wesley's Methodism (Oxford, 2017)Google Scholar.

6 Material Religion: The Journal of Objects, Art and Belief.

7 Rickards, Maurice, The encyclopaedia of ephemera, ed. Twyman, Michael (London, 2000)Google Scholar; Raven, James, ‘Why ephemera were not ephemeral: the effectiveness of innovative print in the eighteenth century’, Yearbook of English Studies, 45 (2015), pp. 56–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Russell, Gillian, ‘The neglected history of the history of printed ephemera’, Melbourne Historical Journal, 42 (2014), pp. 7–36Google Scholar; Murphy, Kevin D. and O'Driscoll, Sally, eds., Studies in ephemera: text and image in eighteenth-century print (Lewisburg, PA, 2013)Google Scholar.

8 Parkinson, F. M., ‘Class tickets’, Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society (PWHS), 1 (1898), pp. 129–37Google Scholar; Wright, Joseph G., ‘Class and band tickets: a guide to collectors’, PWHS, 5 (1905), pp. 33–44, 66, 96Google Scholar; Verney, John H., ‘Early Wesleyan class tickets: comments and catalogue’, PWHS, 31 (1957), pp. 2–9, 15, 34–8, 70–3Google Scholar; Beckerlegge, Oliver A., ‘Non-Wesleyan class tickets’, PWHS, 32 (1959), pp. 34–7, 48–51, 88–90Google Scholar; Bradshaw, D. B., ‘Some Irish quarterly tickets’, PWHS, 21 (1937), pp. 1–3Google Scholar.

9 Brewer, John, The pleasures of the imagination: English culture in the eighteenth century (London, 1997)Google Scholar; Cracium, Adriana and Schaffer, Simon, eds., The material cultures of Enlightenment arts and sciences (London, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Baudrillard, Jean, ‘The system of collecting’, in Elsner, John and Cardinal, Roger, eds., The cultures of collecting (Cambridge, MA, 1994), pp. 22–3Google Scholar.

11 Pearce, Susan M., On collecting: an investigation into collecting in the European tradition (London, 1995)Google Scholar; Miller, Daniel, The comfort of things (Cambridge, 2008)Google Scholar.

12 Baudrillard, ‘System of collecting’; Benjamin, Walter, ‘Unpacking my library: a talk about book collecting’, in Arendt, Hannah, ed., Illuminations (New York, NY, 1969), pp. 59–67Google Scholar.

13 Trentmann, Frank, ‘Materiality in the future of history: things, practices and politics’, Journal of British Studies, 28 (2009), pp. 283–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Pollman, Judith, Memory in early modern Europe, 1500–1800 (Oxford, 2017), pp. 8, 167CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Hamling, Tara and Richardson, Catherine, eds., Everyday objects: medieval and early modern material culture and its meanings (Farnham, 2010)Google Scholar; Frevert, Ute, Bailey, Christian, Eitler, Pascal et al. , Emotional lexicons: continuity and change in the vocabulary of feeling, 1700–2000 (Oxford, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Langford, Paul, A polite and commercial people: England, 1727–1783 (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar.

16 Tadmor, Naomi, ‘The settlement of the poor and the rise of the form in England c. 1662–1780’, Past and Present, 236 (2017), pp. 43–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Lloyd, Sarah, ‘Ticketing the British eighteenth century: “A thing … never heard of before”’, Journal of Social History, 46 (2013), pp. 843–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Ibid., p. 861.

19 Outler, Albert C. et al. , eds., The works of John Wesley (27 vols., London, 1984– ), xix, p. 184Google Scholar: 24 Feb. 1741.

20 Hempton, Methodism, p. 16.

21 Wesley, John, A plain account of the people called Methodists (Bristol, 1749), pp. 14–15Google Scholar.

22 Until 1758, entry was restricted to those with a band ticket; after that a current class ticket sufficed: Baker, Frank, Methodism and the love-feast (London, 1957), pp. 35–6Google Scholar.

23 Wesley, Plain account, p. 15; Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, xix, p. 183.

24 Crowther, Jonathan, A portraiture of Methodism: or, the history of the Wesleyan Methodists (London, 1815), p. 42Google Scholar.

25 Wesley, Plain account, p. 15; Journals and letters of Francis Asbury (3 vols., London and Nashville, TN, 1958), i, p. 36; Hempton, Methodism, p. 21.

26 JRL, MAW MS106; Batty, Margaret, Scotland's Methodists, 1750–2000 (Edinburgh, 2010), p. 32Google Scholar.

27 Hempton, Methodism, p. 78.

28 Watson, David Lowes, The early Methodist class meeting: its origins and significance (Nashville, TN, 1985), p. 208Google Scholar; JRL, MA/1977/718/3: John Bickers Album (1813); Methodist Magazine, 1835, p. 494; Tyerman, Luke, The life and times of the Rev. John Wesley M.A., founder of the Methodists (3 vols., London, 1870–1), iii, p. 116Google Scholar.

29 Jeremiah 15.19; Matthew 25: 31.

30 Wesley, Plain account, p. 15.

31 Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, xxi, p. 181.

32 Mason, Ruth, ‘Free from censure: a communion token from the Scots Church London Wall’, Journal of the Antique Metalware Society, 19 (2011), pp. 50–60Google Scholar.

33 Wright, ‘Class and band tickets’, p. 34. Lavington, George noted a connection between Moravians and Methodists in relation to lots: The enthusiasm of Methodists and papists compared (3 vols., London, 1754), i, p. 55Google Scholar. Moravian lots had a Methodist parallel in packs of small cards, each with a biblical quotation, from which members drew cards: Museum of Methodism, London.

34 Lloyd, ‘Ticketing’.

35 Francis Atterbury, Directions for confirmation ([1716]); Tovey, Phillip, Anglican confirmation, 1662–1820 (Farnham, 2014), p. 122Google Scholar.

36 Norris, Financing, p. 226; JRL, MA1977/717: 1743 (Hackney); 1869 (St Johns Square); 1900 (City Road); John E. Vickers, ‘Notes & Queries 1164’, PWHS, 36 (1967), p. 64.

37 Hempton, Methodism, p. 52.

38 The nature, design, and general rules of the United Societies in London, Bristol, Kingswood, Newcastle upon Tyne, &c. (London, 1794).

39 Until 1769, lottery tickets were interest-bearing bonds, giving them a fixed-term economic value beyond the draw.

40 JRL, MA1977/720: James Everett's bound volume of tickets, 1742–1839, with manuscript remarks, ‘Remarks’ for 1746; OCMCH: drawer of class tickets, 1798–9.

41 Batty, Scotland's Methodists, p. 67.

42 Wright, ‘Class and band tickets’, pp. 33–44; OCMCH: Kenworthy Class Ticket Album; Baker, Methodism, p. 36.

43 Jackson, Thomas, The lives of early Methodist preachers (3rd edn, 6 vols., London, 1865–6), v, pp. 26–7Google Scholar.

44 Rupert E. Davies, ‘Introduction’, in Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, ix, p. 14; Henry D. Rack, ‘Introduction’, in ibid., x, pp. 106–7.

45 Wright, ‘Class and band tickets’; Verney, ‘Class tickets’; JRL, MA1977/720: ‘Remarks’ for 1745, 1749, 1750, 1753; on decorative ornaments: Raven, ‘Why ephemera were not ephemeral’, pp. 63–4.

46 Hempton, Methodism, p. 89; Scott, John, A fine picture of enthusiasm (London, 1744), pp. 24–5Google Scholar. The 1750 crucifixion scene reproduced the frontispiece of John Wesley's 1735 edition of The Christian's pattern; or, a treatise of the imitation of Christ (London, 1735). For another example: Baker, Frank, ‘Notes and queries 816’, PWHS, 23 (1942), pp. 142–3Google Scholar.

47 Verney, ‘Class tickets’, p. 15. Later borders are stock type: Caslon, William, A specimen of printing types (London, 1785)Google Scholar, and bear some resemblance to turnpike tickets: Bradshaw, ‘Irish quarterly tickets’, p. 1.

48 Examples from JRL, MA1977/720: dimensions are in height x width.

49 UMAHC, Methodist Class Tickets, 2141–4-5:1.

50 Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, x, p. 179.

51 British Library: Add. MSS 44935, ‘Diary of Richard Viney, 1744’, 68R.

52 Dorothy Graham, ‘Female itinerants of early Primitive Methodism, with special reference to those stationed in missionary situations’, www.methodistheritage.org.uk/missionary-history-graham-female-itinerants-2005.pdf (accessed 1 May 2018), p. 4.

53 Nightingale, Joseph, A portraiture of Methodism: being an impartial view of the rise, progress, doctrines, discipline, and manners of the Wesleyan Methodists (London, 1807), p. 247Google Scholar.

54 JRL, MA1977/718/1: Whitely Collection.

55 Verney, ‘Class tickets’, p. 4; Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, x, p. 310; Crowther, Portraiture, p. 281.

56 Nightingale, Portraiture, p. 246.

57 Whyman, Susan, The pen and the people: English letter writers, 1660–1800 (Oxford, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tadmor, ‘Settlement of the poor’, pp. 81–2.

58 The journals of William Clowes, a Primitive Methodist preacher (London, 1844), pp. 18–19; Crowther, Portraiture, p. 282.

59 Barry, Jonathan, ‘Methodism and the press in Bristol, 1737–1775’, Bulletin (Bristol: Bristol Branch, Wesley Historical Society, 1992)Google Scholar; Norris, Financing, p. 181.

60 Hempton, Methodism, pp. 56, 58–9; Burton, Vicki Tolar, Spiritual literacy in John Wesley's Methodism: reading, writing, and speaking to believe (Waco, TX, 2008)Google Scholar.

61 McInelly, Brett C., Textual warfare and the making of Methodism (Oxford, 2014), pp. 6–7, 63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Ibid., p. 91; Anderson, Misty G., Imagining Methodism in eighteenth-century Britain: enthusiasm, belief, and the borders of the self (Baltimore, MD, 2012)Google Scholar; [Combe, William], The love-feast: a poem (London, 1778), p. 40Google Scholar.

63 McInelly, Textual warfare, pp. 71–2.

64 Geoff Dickinson, ‘Sarah Kirkland, 1793–1880’, www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/page/sarah_kirkland (accessed 1 May 2018).

65 Kevin D. Murphy and Sally O'Driscoll, ‘Introduction’, in Murphy and O'Driscoll, eds., Studies in ephemera; Lloyd, ‘Ticketing’, p. 860.

66 E.g. Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, x, pp. 849, 913; Watson, Kevin M., Pursing social holiness: the band meeting in Wesley's thought and popular Methodist practice (Oxford, 2014), p. 46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Lloyd, Jennifer, Women and the shaping of British Methodism: persistent preachers, 1807–1907 (Manchester, 2010), p. 50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

68 Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, x, pp. 254, 516–17, 848–9.

69 Baker, Frank, ‘The people called Methodists. 3. Polity’, in Davies, Rupert and Rupp, Gordon, eds., A history of the Methodist church in Great Britain (4 vols., London, 1965), i, pp. 223–4Google Scholar; Norris, Financing, pp. 121, 139, 232.

70 Lackington, James, Memoirs of the first forty-five years of the life of James Lackington (new edn, London, 1794), pp. 121–2Google Scholar; see also Martin, Samuel, A few thoughts and matters of fact concerning Methodism (Edinburgh, 1766), pp. 4, 10Google Scholar.

71 A theme he returned to in The confessions of J. Lackington, late bookseller (2nd edn, London, 1804), pp. 193–4Google Scholar.

72 Hindmarsh, D. Bruce, The evangelical conversion narrative: spiritual autobiography in early modern England (Oxford, 2005), pp. 150–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 On the latter point: JRL, Early Preachers Collection, DDPr 1/25: letter from Henry Durbin to Charles Wesley, [Mar. 1785].

74 Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, xix, p. 343: 3 Oct. 1743; ibid., xxiii, p. 293.

75 Ibid., xxi, p. 410.

76 Ibid., ix, p. 482.

77 Wesley, John, A letter to the Rev'd Mr Baily of Corke (Dublin, [1750]), p. 23Google Scholar; Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, ix, 192; Church, Thomas, Some further remarks on the Rev. Mr John Wesley's last journal ([London], 1746), p. 12Google Scholar.

78 Walford, John, Memoirs of the life and labours of the late Venerable Hugh Bourne, ed. Antliff, W. (2 vols., Totton, 1999: 1st published 1856), i, pp. 190–1Google Scholar; Parrott, John, A digest of the history, polity and doctrines of the Primitive Methodists (2nd edn, London, 1864), p. 22Google Scholar; Journals of William Clowes, pp. 83–5.

79 Walford, Hugh Bourne, i, p. 332.

80 Kendall, H. B., History of the Primitive Methodist church (London, 1919), p. 28Google Scholar; Davison, John, The life of the Venerable William Clowes (London, 1854), p. 70Google Scholar; Parrott, Digest, p. 26.

81 Kendall, H. B., The origin and history of the Primitive Methodist church (2 vols., London, [1906]), i, p. 112Google Scholar.

82 Kendall, History, p. 30; Barber, B. Aquila, A Methodist pageant: a souvenir of the Primitive Methodist church (London, 1932), p. 314Google Scholar.

83 Walford, Hugh Bourne, i, pp. 326–8; Journals of William Clowes, p. 95; Bourne, Hugh, History of the Primitive Methodists: giving an account of their rise and progress up to the year 1823 (Bemersley, 1823)Google Scholar, Preface.

84 Bourne, History, p. 40; Journals of William Clowes, pp. 351, 355.

85 Smith, Samuel, Anecdotes, facts and biographical sketches connected with the great revival of the work of God in … the Primitive Methodist Connexion (Douglas, 1872), pp. 32–3Google Scholar.

86 Parkinson, ‘Class tickets’, p. 135; New Room, Bristol: ‘A ticket to heaven’; Wesley Historical Society: North Lancashire Branch, Bulletin, 27 (1998), p. 27.

87 JRL, 1977/720: ‘Remarks’ for 1745; Parkinson, ‘Class tickets’, p. 135; Baker, Methodism, p. 37.

88 Hopkins, James K., A woman to deliver her people: Joanna Southcott and English millenarianism in an era of revolution (Austin, TX, 1982), pp. 36–8, 104–7Google Scholar.

89 Southcott, Joanna, The second book of wonders, more marvellous than the first (London, 1813), pp. 35–6Google Scholar: referring to the period 1801–4.

90 Outler et al., eds., Works of John Wesley, xxi, p. 403.

91 Hempton, Methodism, pp. 145–6; Clark, Brian Curtis and Cruickshank, Joanna, ‘Converting Mrs Crouch: women, wonders and the formation of English Methodism, 1738–1741’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 65 (2014), pp. 66–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

92 Jackson, Lives of the early Methodist preachers, v, p. 27.

93 Lloyd, ‘Ticketing’.

94 Tolar Burton, Spiritual literacy, pp. 151–61.

95 Gravely, William B., ‘African-American Methodism’, in Kirby, James E. and Abraham, William J., eds., Oxford handbook of Methodist studies (Oxford, 2011), p. 123Google Scholar; Melton, J. Gordon, A will to choose: the origins of African American Methodism (Lanham, MD, and Plymouth, 2007), pp. 91, 213Google Scholar; Ferguson, Moira, ed., The Hart sisters: early African Caribbean writers, evangelicals, and radicals (Lincoln, NB, 1993), p. 139Google Scholar.

96 Coke, Thomas, A history of the West Indies (3 vols., Liverpool, 1808–11), ii, pp. 284–6Google Scholar.

97 Ibid., iii, p. 124.

98 Ferguson, ed., Hart sisters, pp. 62, 92.

99 The doctrines and discipline of the African Methodist episcopal church (Philadelphia, PA, 1817), p. 72.

100 Thomas, Nicholas, Entangled objects: exchange, material culture, and colonialism in the Pacific (Cambridge, MA, 1991), pp. 7, 143Google Scholar.

101 Beckerlegge, ‘Non-Wesleyan class tickets’; UMAHC, Methodist Class Tickets: 2141–4-5:4; see also Harding, Alan, The countess of Huntingdon's Connexion: a sect in action in eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 2003), p. 127CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

102 Kendall, Origin and history, ii, p. 1.

103 Wilkinson, John T., William Clowes, 1780–1851 (London, 1951)Google Scholar, Appendix A; Wilkinson, John T., Hugh Bourne, 1772–1852 (London, 1952), p. 172Google Scholar; Walford, Hugh Bourne, i, p. 266; Kendall, Origin and history, i, pp. 113–19.

104 Church, Thomas, A history of the Primitive Methodists (3rd edn, London, 1869), pp. 60–1Google Scholar; Davison, Life, p. 13; Earnest men: sketches of eminent Primitive Methodists, ministers and laymen (London, 1872), p. 41; Barber, Methodist pageant, p. 13.

105 Wright, ‘Class and band tickets’, p. 43.

106 Lloyd, ‘Ticketing’, pp. 860–1.

107 Norris, Financing, p. 232.

108 The Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, 3rd series, 1 (1822), pp. 782–3; Parkinson, ‘Class tickets’, p. 135; Cooper, W. Hargreaves, In Methodist byways (London, 1904), pp. 110, 112Google Scholar; JRL, MAW MS106, ‘A Methodist curiosity’.

109 Rickards, Encyclopaedia, p. 326.

110 JRL, MA1977/720, ‘Remarks’ for 1747.

111 Approximately 62 per cent of tickets listed by Verney were issued to women, 1750–91: ‘Class tickets’; OCMCH: drawer of class tickets, 1792–1821, c. 68 per cent are in women's names; OCMCH: Kenworthy Class Ticket Album is more evenly divided. John Kent, ‘Wesleyan membership in Bristol 1783’, An Ecclesiastical Miscellany (Publications of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Records Section, vol. 11, 1976), p. 107.

112 Wright, ‘Class and band tickets’, pp. 36–7; JRL, MA1977/720: ‘Remarks’ for 1746 and the original wrapper; the spelling of her name varies, e.g. Someral, Somerell, Somerhill, Sommerhill, Summerhill; Clarke, Adam, The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments (3 vols., London, 1836), iii, p. 2222Google Scholar.

113 Andrews, Martin, ‘The importance of ephemera’, in Eliot, Simon and Rose, Jonathan, eds., A companion to the history of the book (Oxford, 2007), pp. 434–50Google Scholar, at p. 436.

114 Museum of Methodism, ‘Wesleyan Methodist Class Tickets’, Book 9: Henry Bowman (first to last tickets, 1826–95), 1996/5229.

115 Culley, Amy, British women's life writing, 1760–1840: friendship, community, and collaboration (Basingstoke, 2014), p. 71Google Scholar.

116 Pearce, On collecting, p. 3.

117 Millstone, Noah, ‘Designed for collection: early modern news and the production of history’, Media History, 23 (2017), pp. 177–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Russell, Gillian, ‘“Announcing each day the performances”: playbills, ephemerality, and romantic period media/theatre history’, Studies in Romanticism, 54 (2015), pp. 241–68Google Scholar; Woolf, Daniel, The social circulation of the past: English historical culture, 1500–1730 (Oxford, 2003), pp. 164–8Google Scholar.

118 Baudrillard, ‘System of collecting’; see also Benjamin, ‘Unpacking my library’, p. 60.

119 Illbruck, Helmut, Nostalgia: origins and ends of an unenlightened discourse (Evanston, IL, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cooper, Methodist byways.

120 OCMCH: Kenworthy Album: inside front cover.

121 Pearce, On collecting, pp. 207–8; Belk, Russell W., Collecting in a consumer society (London, 1995), p. 67Google Scholar.

122 Tobin, Beth Fowkes, ‘Virtuoso or naturalist? Mary Cavendish Bentinck, duchess of Portland’, in Cottegnies, Line, Parageau, Sandrine, and Thompson, John. S., eds., Women and curiosity in early modern England and France (Leiden, 2016), pp. 216–32Google Scholar; Arlene Leis, ‘Sarah Sophia Banks: femininity, sociability and the practice of collecting in late Georgian England’ (Ph.D. thesis, York, 2013); Russell, ‘Sarah Sophia Banks’; Rothstein, Natalie, ed., A lady of fashion: Barbara Johnson's album of styles and fabrics (London, 1987)Google Scholar.

123 Russell, ‘“Announcing each day the performances”’, p. 258.

124 By comparison, see Adeline Gargam, ‘Between scientific investigation and vanity fair: reflections on the culture of curiosity in Enlightenment France’, in Cottegnies, Parageau, and Thompson, eds., Women and curiosity, pp. 197–215.

125 Culley, Life writing, p. 19.

126 Belk, Collecting, pp. 76–8.

127 Higginbotham, Ann's copy of The Methodist pocket book (London, [1800])Google Scholar, Museum of Methodism, 2006/10685; JRL, MAW MS106.

128 Waddell, Brodie, ‘Writing history from below: chronicling and record keeping in early modern England’, History Workshop Journal, 85 (2018), pp. 239–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pollman, Memory.

129 Gernes, Todd S., ‘Recasting the culture of ephemera’, in Trimbur, John, ed., Popular literacy: studies in cultural practices and poetics (Pittsburgh, PA, 2001)Google Scholar.

130 JRL, MA1977/718/8. The volume, Carlo Pepoli's Canzoni anacreontiche (Londra, 1835), is bound in red with gold tooling; the title suggests a genre of drinking songs. Hutchison may have found the book's fine appearance suited her purpose.

131 Miller, Daniel, Stuff (Cambridge, 2010), p. 155Google Scholar; Turkle, Sherry, ed., Evocative objects: things we think with (Cambridge, MA, 2007)Google Scholar.

132 Bradshaw, ‘Irish quarterly tickets’, p. 1; Lena Cowen Orlin, ‘Empty vessels’, in Hamling and Catherine, eds., Everyday objects, p. 300.

133 OCMCH: Kenworthy Album; JRL, MA/1977/718/3: Bickers Album (1810); JRL, MA1981/12: John Wesley Class Ticket Album, p. 2 (tickets for Peter Worsley and Joanna Clarkson).

134 Tolar Burton, Spiritual literacy, p. 25.

135 Mack, Heart religion, pp. 135, 150–1; Culley, Life writing, pp. 23–4.

136 E.g. Bridwell Library, Special Collections, Southern Methodist University: http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jwl/id/159 (accessed 17 Dec. 2018).

137 JRL, MAW MS 106: uncatalogued (empty) envelope. Gender unknown.

138 Museum of Methodism, ‘Tickets of Robert & Betty Peters’, 1999/7281/1–2.

139 OCMCH: Kenworthy Album, loose letter dated 17 Aug. 1970.

140 JRL, MA 1981/12: John Wesley Class Ticket Album; others are deposited at the Primitive Methodist Museum, Englesea Brook; Museum of Methodism, London.

141 North Lancashire Branch, Bulletin, 32 (2000), p. 26.

142 Seville, Adrian, ‘Building a representative collection of printed ephemera’, The Ephemerist, 167 (2014), pp. 2–11Google Scholar.

143 Pearce, On collecting, p. 208.

144 JRL, 1977/720: handwritten note inside cover of volume 1, ‘Remarks’ for 1746; Tyerman, John Wesley, i, pp. 354–5.

145 JRL, 1977/720: ‘Remarks’ for 1752 and 1753.

146 JRL, 1977/720: [p. 1].

147 Gernes, ‘Recasting the culture of ephemera’, p. 116; Stephens, John, Chronicles of Wesleyan Methodism (2 vols., London, 1827)Google Scholar, ii: frontispiece; JRL, MA/1977/720: ‘Remarks’ for 1748; MA/1977/719/4; Smith, George, History of Wesleyan Methodism (2nd revised edn, 3 vols., London, 1859–62)Google Scholar, i, plate facing p. 322.

148 OCMCH: Kenworthy Album, loose papers: ‘Wesleyan class and band ticket list’.

149 Subsequently transferred to Manchester: JRL, MA1977/718/5.

150 JRL, MA1977/719/1.

151 For a stripped album: JRL, MA/1977/719/4. Verney removed tickets from a number of albums, including Everett's, JRL, MA/1977/719/5: letter inside front cover.

152 OCMCH: Kenworthy Album, inside front cover and loose letters. Joseph G. Wright's ticket collection was acquired by Frank Baker and is now held in the Rubenstein Library, Duke University.

153 Pearce, On collecting; Leis, ‘Sarah Sophia Banks’.

154 Rieff, David, In praise of forgetting: historical memory and its ironies (New Haven, CT, and London, 2016), p. 9Google Scholar.

155 Parkinson, ‘Class tickets’, p. 135.

156 University of York, Borthwick Institute for Archives: MRC/1/1/22: ‘Historical account of Methodism around York’.

157 Lackington, Memoirs, p. 122: the quotations he recalls place the tickets in the early 1760s.

158 Today's Methodists are often unaware of the ticket's origins and early designs: personal communications.

159 Nightingale, Portraiture, p. 250.

160 Baker, Methodism, p. 35.

161 Hempton, David, The religion of the people: Methodism and popular religion, c. 1750–1900 (London, 1996), pp. 7–8, 21Google Scholar.

162 Foster, John, The life and experience of John Foster (Gainsb[orough], 1824), p. 15Google Scholar; JRL, BRD/1/2: personal papers of Samuel Bardsley, p. 60.

163 Wesley College Archive, Bristol: copy of first Chinese ticket (1857).

164 United Methodist Archives: personal communication; Emory University, Pitts Theology Library: Methodist Quarterly Tickets Collection, box 1, 1: ‘African Methodist episcopal church, 1861’; JRL, MA1977/717: tickets in Maori and Xhosa, 1839, 1859.

165 Raven, James, Bookscape: geographies of printing and publishing in London before 1800 (London, 2014), pp. 100–3Google Scholar.

166 Finn, Margot C., The character of credit: personal debt in English culture, 1740–1914 (Cambridge, 2004), p. 320Google Scholar.

167 Hindmarsh, Evangelical conversion narrative, p. 344.

168 Belk, Collecting, p. 65.

169 Rickards, Maurice, Collecting printed ephemera (Oxford, 1988), p. 13Google Scholar.

170 Andrews, ‘The importance of ephemera’, p. 434; Russell, ‘Neglected history’, p. 32.

171 Deetz, James, In small things forgotten: the archaeology of early American life (New York, NY, 1977)Google Scholar.