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Global Maoism and the Decolonization of China’s History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2024

James Gethyn Evans*
Affiliation:
History Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

Extract

Charu Mazumdar seemed like an unlikely leader for a violent guerilla organization. Born into a family of landlords in India’s West Bengal in 1918, his slender frame gave him the look of someone more used to studying than directing armed insurgency. Yet, Mazumdar justified his violent leadership in West Bengal during the 1960s and 1970s by referencing the writings of Mao Zedong – known collectively as Mao Zedong Thought or Maoism – as inspiration for his revolutionary actions. Mazumdar declared that ‘the foremost duty of [Indian] revolutionaries is to spread and propagate the thought of Chairman Mao’, and that ‘China’s path is our path, China’s chairman is our chairman.’ While Mazumdar had no claim to Chinese ethnic or linguistic belonging, his activities – along with the actions of thousands of others – manifested as a result of the transnational connections and entanglements between Maoism, its translation and propagation by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and its reception by revolutionaries across the world.

Type
Roundtable: Decolonizing Chinese History
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press.

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References

1 Mazumdar, Charu, ‘Develop peasants’ class struggle through class analysis, investigation and study’, Liberation, 2 (1969), pp. 1721Google Scholar; first published in Bengali in Deshabrati on 17 Oct. 1968.

2 Mazumdar, Charu, ‘China’s chairman is our chairman; China’s path is our path’, Liberation (Calcutta), 3 (1969), pp. 613Google Scholar.

3 Quijano, Aníbal, ‘Colonialidad del poder, cultura y conocimiento en América Latina’, Dispositio, 24 (1999), pp. 137–48Google Scholar. Quijano describes the ‘coloniality of power’ as a pervasive and repeated reproduction of racial, gender, and geopolitical hierarchies over time.

4 Mogstad, Heidi and Tse, Lee-Shan, ‘Decolonizing anthropology: reflections from Cambridge’, Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 36 (2018), pp. 5372CrossRefGoogle Scholar, https://doi.org/10.3167/cja.2018.360206.

5 Jacobs, Justin, ‘The many deaths of a Kazak unaligned: Osman Batur, Chinese decolonization, and the nationalization of a nomad’, American Historical Review, 115 (2010), pp. 1291–314CrossRefGoogle Scholar, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.5.1291; Stuart Ward, ‘The European provenance of decolonization’, Past & Present, 230 (2016), pp. 227–60, https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtv044. For further discussion on how formerly colonized states themselves participate in colonizing action, see Connor Woodman, ‘The West Papuan Liberation Movement, Indonesian settler colonialism and Western imperialism from an international solidarity perspective’, International Journal of Human Rights (Oct. 2022), https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2132235.

6 Walter D. Mignolo and Catherine E. Walsh, On decoloniality: concepts, analytics, praxis (Durham, NC, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822371779.

7 Franz Fanon speaks to the (im)possibility of decolonization as being institutionally and structurally constrained. Frantz Fanon, The wretched of the earth (New York, NY, 1961). Kuan-Hsing Chen, by contrast, distinguishes between de-imperialization (a process of colonizers and the Global North) as a necessary precursor for decolonization (a process of indigenous peoples). Kuan-Hsing Chen, Asia as method: toward deimperialization (Durham, NC, 2010).

8 It is no small irony that debates about the decolonization of our field are most prominent among the very networks that are themselves the subject of its critiques (including this author).

9 Spivak, Gayatri, ‘Can the subaltern speak?’, in Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence, eds., Marxism and the interpretation of culture (Chicago, IL, 1988)Google Scholar.

10 Shzr Ee Tan, ‘Whose decolonisation? Checking for intersectionality, lane-policing and academic privilege from a transnational (Chinese) vantage point’, Ethnomusicology Forum, 30 (2021), pp. 140–62, https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2021.1938447.

11 For a more detailed interrogation of avoiding essentialisms, see Shernuk, Kyle, ‘Embracing the xenophone: Siu Kam Wen and the possibility of Spanish-language Chinese literature’, Prism: Theory and Modern Chinese Literature, 18 (2021), pp. 501–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 ‘Global’ or international history has received criticism in recent years that overlaps with decolonial critiques of the field as Eurocentric, Anglophonic, and as failing to include diverse subjectivities even while it expands the subjects of enquiry. Chakrabarty, Dipesh, Provincializing Europe: postcolonial thought and historical difference (Princeton, NJ, 2000)Google Scholar; Witz, Leslie, ‘Africa [not] in world history: a review from the south (Part 1)’, Journal of World History, 27 (2016), pp. 103–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar, https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0077.

13 Christopher J. Lee, ‘Decolonizing “China–Africa relations”: toward a new ethos of Afro-Asianism’, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 33 (2021), pp. 230–7, https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2020.1824770; James Gethyn Evans, ‘Maoism, anti-imperialism, and the Third World’, Made in China Journal, 6 (2021), https://madeinchinajournal.com/2021/11/08/maoism-anti-imperialism-and-the-third-world.

14 I use ‘is’ rather than ‘was’ as many Maoist organizations persist to the present.

15 For more on how we might conceptualize solidarities between non-state groups, see Darryl Li, The universal enemy: jihad, empire, and the challenge of solidarity (Stanford, CA, 2019).

16 Former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, for example, framed the Naxalite movement as an inherently Indian movement, and declared that ‘Naxalism and Left-wing extremism pose the greatest threat to [India’s] national security’. Jeffrey, Robin, Sen, Ronojoy, and Singh, Pratima, eds., More than Maoism: politics, policies and insurgencies in South Asia (New Delhi, 2012)Google Scholar.

17 To name but a few examples: Prakash Adhikari and Steven Samford, ‘The Nepali state and the dynamics of the Maoist insurgency’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 48 (2013), pp. 457–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9125-4; Eduardo Abad García, ‘“Serving the people”. A short history of Spanish Maoism (1964–1980)’, Twentieth Century Communism, 22 (2022), pp. 94–116, https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322835917883; Max G. Manwaring, ‘Peru’s Sendero Luminoso: the shining path beckons’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 541 (1995), pp. 157–66; Shivaji Mukherjee, ‘Colonial origins of Sons of the Soil insurgency: Maoist rebellion in Central India’, Asian Security, 17 (2021), pp. 366–97, https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2020.1854228;

Hans Petter Sjøli, ‘Maoism in Norway’, Scandinavian Journal of History, 33 (2008), pp. 478–90, https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750802519982.

18 This echoes what Nicholas Mirzoeff frames as allowing the subjects of (de)colonization to ‘appear’: ‘Empty the museum, decolonize the curriculum, open theory’, Nordic Journal of Aesthetics, 25 (2017), pp. 6–22, https://doi.org/10.7146/nja.v25i53.26403.

19 Christopher J. Lee, Making a world after empire: the Bandung moment and its political afterlives (Athens, OH, 2019).

20 Mogstad and Tse, ‘Decolonizing anthropology'.

21 For a comment as to what ‘counts’ as history, see the ‘Author’s note’ to James H. Sweet’s presidential column for the American Historical Association: ‘Is history history? Identity politics and teleologies of the present’, 17 Aug. 2022, www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-2022/is-history-history-identity-politics-and-teleologies-of-the-present. For a questioning of how archives shape and are shaped by power structures, see Saidiya Hartman, ‘Venus in two acts’, Small Axe, 12 (2008), pp. 1–14, Project MUSE, muse.jhu.edu/article/241115.

22 Jeremy Brown, ‘Finding and using grassroots historical sources from the Mao era’, Dissertation Reviews, 15 Dec. 2010, https://dissertationreviews.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/finding-and-usinggrassroots-historical-sources-from-the-mao-era-by-jeremy-brown/; Elizabeth J. Perry, ‘The promise of PRC history’, Journal of Modern Chinese History, 10 (2016), pp. 113–17.

23 Phillip M. Ayoub, ‘Not that niche: making room for the study of LGBTIQ people in political science’, European Journal of Politics and Gender, 5 (2022), pp. 154–72, https://doi.org/10.1332/251510821X16345581767345.

24 Aminda Smith, ‘Foreword: the Maoism of PRC history’, positions: asia critique, 29 (2020), pp. 659–74, https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-9286636.

25 Gail Hershatter and Wang Zheng, ‘Chinese history: a useful category of gender analysis’, American Historical Review, 113 (2008), pp. 1404–21, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.5.1404.