Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T19:10:35.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Augustine in the Garden of Zeus: Lust, Love, and Language

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2011

Marjorie O'rourke Boyle
Affiliation:
Toronto, Canada

Extract

Augustine's assimilation of Christ to wisdom in the philosophical tradition established a paradigm for method in theology. If in the beginning was the Word, and that primordial Word was analogous to intellectual concept rather than oral discourse, then in ideal imitation the theologian was a dialectician rather than a rhetorician. Yet if Christ is wisdom and the language of wisdom is dialectic, why did he speak rhetorically? Why the simile rather than the syllogism? Augustine proposed that scripture is divine baby talk. The academic business of theology became its education into human mature language by translating its images into ideas. Yet a hermeneutical and exegetical revolution since the late nineteenth century has, through historical and literary criticisms, restored scripture as rhetoric to its legitimate religious status. The conventional apologetics of pabulum is now intolerable. This alteration in norm is influencing, in the history of theology, an evaluation of the tradition as rhetoric. The research, although belated, may prove as revisionist as in scriptural studies. As the master rhetorician of anti-rhetoric was Augustine, a critical examination of the rationale for his methodological displacement of the scriptural norm with the contemplative ideal is cogent.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © President and Fellows of Harvard College 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 For the philological and theological foundations see Boyle, Marjorie O'Rourke, “Sermo: Reopening the Conversation on Translating Jn 1,1,” VC 31 (1977) 161–68Google Scholar. Most of my subsequent scholarship in the history of method has examined the rhetorical paradigm, as in three books on Erasmus, most recently Rhetoric and Reform: Erasmus' Civil Dispute with Luther (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983)Google Scholar and Petrarch's Genius: Pentimento and Prophecy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).Google Scholar For Christ as wisdom, see 1 Cor 1:24. Augustine, De Trinitate libri XV 7.1.1-7.3.6 (ed. Mountain, W. J.; 2 vols.; CCSL 50-50A; Turnholt: Brepols, 1968) 50. 244–54Google Scholar.

2 , Augustine, De ordine 2.13.38 (ed. Green, W. M.; CCSL 29; Turnholt: Brepols, 1970) 128Google Scholar; trans. Russell, Robert P., Writings of St. Augustine (4 vols.; New York: CIMA, 1948) 1. 315–16Google Scholar.

3 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 9.2.2-9.5.13; 7.9.13 VS. 8.12.29 (ed. Verheijen, Lucas; CCSL 27; Turnholt: Brepols, 1981) 133–40Google Scholar; 101 VS. 131.

4 Ibid., 9.4.7, 136; trans. Bourke, Vernon J., Confessions (New York: FC, 1953) 233Google Scholar.

5 Eskridge, J. B., The Influence of Cicero upon Augustine in the Development of his Oratorical Theory for the Training of the Ecclesiastical Orator (Menasha, WI: Collegiate/George Banta, 1912)Google Scholar; Baldwin, C. S., “St. Augustine and the Rhetoric of Cicero,” Proceedings of the Classical Association 22 (1925) 2446Google Scholar; Avilés, Montserrat, “Predicacion de san Augustin. La teoria de la retdrica augustiniana y la practica de sus sermones,” Augustinus 28 (1983) 391417Google Scholar; in general, Testard, Maurice, Saint Augustin et Ciceron (2 vols.; Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1958Google Scholar) and Hagendahl, Harald, Augustine and the Latin Classics (2 vols.; Goteborg: University Press, 1967) 2. 479588Google Scholar. Cf. Michel, Alain, Rhetorique et philosophie chez Ciceron: Essai sur les fondements philosophiques de I'art de persuader (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1960)Google Scholar.

6 , Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 2.36.54-2.37.55; 2.31.48; 2.38.57-2.39.58; 2.39.59 (ed. Martin, Joseph; CCSL 32; Turnholt: Brepols, 1962) 70, 65, 71–72, 73Google Scholar. For his culture see Marrou, Henri-Irenee, Saint Augustin et la fin de la culture antique (4th ed.; Paris: Boccard, 1958)Google Scholar.

7 Boyle, Marjorie O'Rourke, “The Prudential Augustine: The Virtuous Structure and Sense of his Confessions,” Recherches Augustiniennes 22 (1987) 129–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 , Cicero, De inventione 1.35.35Google Scholar. (trans. H. M. Hubbell; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975) 73.

9 For an introduction see Peter Brown and respondents, Augustine and Sexuality (Colloquy 46; Berkeley: Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture, 1983)Google Scholar; in general, Miles, Margaret Ruth, Augustine on the Body (AARDS 31; Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1979)Google Scholar.

10 Consider also these related insights in the context of a poetics of the law: “fornication in the arts of language,” “sexual desire as an arch-metaphor for the perversions of language,” “twin vices of lechery and eloquence.” Vance, Eugene, Mervelous Signs: Poetics and Sign Theory in the Middle Ages (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986) 15, 18, 24Google Scholar.

11 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 1.6.8; 1.8.13; 1.9.14; 1.12.19-1.19.30, pp. 4, 7–8, 8, 1017Google Scholar.

12 Ibid., 3.4.7-8; 7.9.13-7.21.27, pp. 29–30, 101–12.

13 Ibid., 1.7.11; 3.2.3-4; 4.4.9; 4.5.10; 4.7.12, pp. 6, 28–29, 44, 45, 46.

14 For the symbolic site of conversion see my hermeneutics in A Likely Story: The Autobiographical as Epideictic,” JAAR 57 (1989) 2351Google Scholar. Pace the garden as real and Milanese in Courcelle, Pierre, Recherches sur les Confessions de Saint Augustin (rev. ed.; Paris: Boccard, 1968) 197Google Scholar; Ferrari, Leo C., “Ecce audio vocem de vicina domo (Conf. 8, 12, 29),” Augustiniana 33 (1983) 232Google Scholar, despite his demonstration of the association of sin with wild vegetation and grace with gardens in The Barren Field in Augustine's Confessions,” Augustinian Studies 8 (1977) 5570Google Scholar; Fredericksen, Paula, “Paul and Augustine: Conversion Narratives, Orthodox Traditions, and the Retrospective Self,” JTS 37 (1986) 20, 24Google Scholar.

15 Burgess, Theodore C., Epideictic Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1902) 117–18Google Scholar.

16 , Cicero, De inventione 1.26. 3738Google Scholar, 2.12.39-10, trans, pp. 75–76.

17 Rhetorica ad C. Herennium 1.9.16, 2.4.6.

18 For an introduction to sacred space see Eliade, Mircea, Traite d'histoire des religions (rev. ed.; Paris: Payot, 1974)Google Scholar.

19 , Augustine, De Genesi ad litteram 8.4.8 (PL 34) 375Google Scholar. Cf. , Augustine, De civitate Dei 20.26 (eds. Dombart, Bernard and Kalb, Alphonse; 2 vols.; CCSL 4748Google Scholar; Turnholt: Brepols, 1955) 48. 750.

20 See also Bucheit, Vinzenz, “Augustinus unter dem Feigenbaum (zu Conf. VIII),” VC 22 (1968) 257–71Google Scholar; Ferrari, Leo C., “The Pear-Theft in Augustine's Confessions,” Revue des etudes augustiniennes 16 (1970) 238–40Google Scholar and The Arboreal Polarization in Augustine's Confessions,” Revue des etudes augustiniennes 25 (1979) 35–46Google Scholar.

21 , Augustine, De Genesi ad litteram 11.32.42, col. 447Google Scholar. , Augustine, Contra Julianum 2.6.16-17 (PL 44) 685Google Scholar.

22 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 3.10.18, p. 37Google Scholar; De moribus Manichaeorum 2.16.40, 2.17.57 (PL 32) 1362, 1369–70. , AugustineContra Faustum Manichaeum, 6.4 (PL 42) 230–31Google Scholar; De civitate Dei 1.20, p. 22.

23 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 7.1.1-7.5.7, pp. 9297Google Scholar.

24 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus CXXXIV 7.16-22, (ed. Willems, Radbodus; CCSL 36; Turnholt: Brepols, 1954) 7680Google Scholar; trans. Browne, H., Homilies on the Gospel according to St. John, and His First Epistles (2 vols.; Oxford, 1848) 1. 119Google Scholar. , Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions, 188202Google Scholar; , Ferrari, “Arboreal Polarization,” 4344Google Scholar.

25 , Augustine, Sermo 110.1.1, 70.3.4 (PL 38) 638–39, 442Google Scholar. Cf. , Augustine, Contra Julianum 1.5.19, col. 653Google Scholar.

26 , Augustine, Enarrationes in psalmos 31Google Scholar(2).9 (ed. Eligius Dekkers and Iohannes Fraipont; 3 vols.; CCSL 38–40; Turnholt: Brepols, 1956) 38. 232; trans. Wilkins, H. M., Expositions on the Book of Psalms (6 vols.; Oxford, 1853) 2. 75Google Scholar, 76. Sermo 122.1, cols. 680–81.

27 , Plato, Symposium 203b204cGoogle Scholar. Augustine's mentor Ambrose allegorized this as the garden of the Song of Solomon. , Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions, 120–22Google Scholar.

28 , Plotinus, Enneads 3.5. 89Google Scholar; trans. Armstrong, A. H., Plotinus (3 vols.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966—) 3. 199Google Scholar. See Pépin, Jean, Mythe et allegorie: Les origines grecques et les contestations judeo-chretiennes (rev. ed.; Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1976) 192–99Google Scholar.

29 Ibid., 3.5.9., 3.5.1; trans. 3. 202.

30 Ibid., 3.5.1.

31 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 2.5.10-2.8.16, pp. 2225Google Scholar.

32 , Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions, 125Google Scholar for , Augustine, Epistolae 3.2 (PL 33) 64Google Scholar, and Henry, Paul, Plotin et VOccident (Spicilegium sacrum Lovaniense 15; Louvain, 1934) 105–9Google Scholar.

33 See n. 49.

34 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 1.6.8; 1.8.13; 1.9.14; 1.9.15; 1.12.19, pp. 4–5, 7–8, 8; trans, pp. 15, 8–9, 1011Google Scholar.

35 Ibid., 1.13.20-22; 1.16.25, pp. 11–12, 14; trans, p. 25.

36 , Plato, Sophist 225Google Scholar. For Augustine as a salesman of words see his Confessionum libri XIII 4.2.2., 9.15.13, pp. 40, 140; Epistolae 259.4, col. 1075.

37 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 1.16.26, pp. 1415Google Scholar; trans, p. 26. , Terence, Eunuchus 584–91Google Scholar. On Terence see , Hagendahl, Augustine and the Latin Classics 2. 378–81Google Scholar.

38 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 1.18.28-29; 1.19.30; 2.4.9, pp. 15–16, 16–17, 2122Google Scholar, trans, pp. 28, 40. For other recent interpretations see Derycke, Hugues, “Le vol des poires, parabole du pe'che' originel,” Bulletin de litterature ecclesiastique 88 (1987) 337–48Google Scholar; O'Brien, William J., “The Liturgical Form of Augustine's Conversion Narrative and Its Theological Significance,” Augustinian Studies 9 (1978) 5758Google Scholar; Mann, William E., “The Theft of the Pears,” Aperion 12 (1978) 5158Google Scholar; Courcelle, Pierre, “Le jeune Augustin, second Catalina,” Revue des etudes anciennes 73 (1971) 141–50Google Scholar; Ferrari, “The Pear-Theft in Augustine's Confessions”; O'Connell, Robert J., St. Augustine's Confessions: The Odyssey of Soul (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969) 4750Google Scholar.

39 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 2.4.9-2.9.17; 2.2.2; 2.2.4; 2.3.5; 2.3.8, pp. 2137Google Scholar; trans, pp. 47, 18, 19, 19, 20, 21.

40 Burke, Kenneth, The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology (Boston: Beacon, 1961) 93101Google Scholar.

41 Boyle, Marjorie O'Rourke, Christening Pagan Mysteries: Erasmus in Pursuit of Wisdom (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981) 45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 2.6.12-14; 2.8.16-17, pp. 2324Google Scholar; trans, pp. 44, 25–26.

43 , Augustine, De civitate Dei 14.11, p. 433Google Scholar.

44 Thompson, J. A., “Israel's ‘lovers,’” VT 27 (1977) 475–81Google Scholar.

45 , Augustine, Sermo 162.3-4, 142.2.2, cols. 887–89, 778–79Google Scholar.

46 , Augustine, De sermone Domini in monle libros duos 1.12.36; 1.16.43 (ed. Mutzenbecher, Almut; CCSL 35; Turnholt: Brepols, 1967) 39Google Scholar, 48; trans. Kavanagh, Denis J., Commentary on the Lord's Sermon on the Mount with Seventeen Related Sermons (New York: FC, 1951) 5556Google Scholar, 64. See also Augustine on fornication as inordinate love for inferior goods, Epistolae 140.13.74, col. 571; as idolatry to false gods, De bono conjugali 8.8, 17.20 (PL 40) 379, 387; as desire for perishable goods, Ennaratio in psalmos 18 (l).10, p. 103; as abandon to superstitions, Quaestiones evangeliorum 2.33 (ed. Mutzenbecher, Almut; CCSL 44B; Turnholt: Brepols, 1980) 82Google Scholar; and in general on “flesh” as not just carnal deeds but wrong ideas, De civitate Dei 14.2-3, pp. 414–18.

47 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 1.16.25, p. 14Google Scholar; trans, p. 25. For the maritime motif see , Boyle, “The Prudential Augustine,” 137–41Google Scholar.

48 Ibid., 1.17.27-1.18.28; 1.19.30; 2.2.2, pp. 15–16, 18; trans, pp. 28, 30, 34.

49 Ibid., 2.2.2, p. 18; trans, p. 34 with change, as inquieta lassitudine translated as “disturbed in my weariness” misses the innuendo of post-coital exhaustion in males. Augustine confesses that the procreative act did not allow him rest, as had the creative act the Creator (Gen 2:1). See also Plotinus, Enneads 6.7.12.

50 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 2.2.4; 2.3.5; 2.4.9, pp. 19Google Scholar, 20, 22; trans, pp. 35, 36, 41.

51 Ibid., 2.3.8-2.4.9, pp. 21–22.

52 , Ferrari, “The Theme of the Prodigal Son in Augustine's Confessions,” Recherches Augustiniennes 12 (1971) 114–15Google Scholar.

53 For swine as wallowing in the mire of their own sensuality see , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 9.14, 73.25 (CCSL 38) 6566Google Scholar, (CCSL 39) 1022; as unclean and , foolish, Contra Faustum Manichaeum 6.7, pp. 233–34Google Scholar; for voluptuaries as , piggish, De Genesi ad litteram 7.10.15, col. 361Google Scholar, cf. , Horace, Epistolae 1.4.16Google Scholar; , Plato, Phaedo 81d82bGoogle Scholar.

54 , Augustine, Quaestiones evangeliorum 2.33, p. 74Google Scholar. , Jerome (Epistolae 21.13, [PL 22] 385Google Scholar) also interprets the husks as “poetic lyrics, secular science, and the pomp of rhetorical verbiage.” See Bernhard Blumenkranz, “Siliquae porcorum (cf. Luc, XV, 16): L'exdgese médiévale et les sciences profanes,” in Melanges d'histoire du moyen age, dedies a la memoire de Louis Halphen (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1951) 13Google Scholar.

55 , Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 3.7.11, p. 84Google Scholar; trans. Gavigan, John J., Christian Instruction in The Writings of St. Augustine (4 vols.; New York: CIMA, 1947) 4. 126Google Scholar.

56 Ibid., 3.12.18, pp. 88–89.

57 , Augustine, De civitate Dei 18.13 (CCSL 48) 604Google Scholar; trans. Bettenson, Henry, The City of God Against the Pagans (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) 777Google Scholar.

58 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 9.2.2; 4.1.1; 4.2.2; 4.3.5; 4.2.3, pp. 133Google Scholar, 40,40, 42, 41; trans, pp. 10, 73, 74, 75.

59 , Augustine, De civitate Dei 2.7; 18, 13 (CCSL 47) 40; (CCSL 48) 604–5; trans, pp. 777–78Google Scholar.

60 , Augustine, De Militate ieiunii 7 (ed. Ruegg, S. D.; CCSL 46; Turnholt: Brepols, 1969) 238Google Scholar.

61 , Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaeum 12.27, col. 269Google Scholar.

62 , Augustine, Epistolae 91. 35Google Scholar, pp. 315–16; trans. Sr. Parsons, Wilfred, Letters (6 vols.; New York; Fathers of the Church, 1951-1956) 2. 4344Google Scholar.

63 Ibid., 138.4.18, pp. 533–34.

64 , Augustine, De civitate Dei 22.24 (CCSL 48) 848–49Google Scholar. The characterization in intellectual history of an Augustinian humanism is based commonly on a sanguine reading of De doctrina Christiana in abstraction from his ninety-two other works. That text is in the deliberative genre of rhetoric, whereas the Confessions and other compositions in the epideictic genre reveal his judgment on the disciplines.

65 , Augustine, Epistolae 101.1-2, col. 368Google Scholar; trans. 2. 145. For the liberal arts VS. scripture see Sermo 133.4, p. 738.

66 , Augustine, Epistolae 17.1, col. 83Google Scholar; trans. 1. 40.

67 , Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaeum 15.16, cols. 308–9Google Scholar; trans. Stothert, Richard, Writings in Connection with the Manichaean Heresy in The Works of Aurelius Augustinus (ed. Dods, Marcus; 15 vols.; Edinburgh, 1872) 5. 275Google Scholar.

68 , Augustine, Epistolae 180.3, trans. 4. 119Google Scholar.

69 , Augustine, Contra mendacium ad Constentium 12.26, 13.28, 17.35 (PL 40) 537, 538, 543Google Scholar; trans. Jaffee, Harold B., Treatises on Various Subjects (New York: FC, 1952) 152Google Scholar.

7 , Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 2.40.60, pp. 7375Google Scholar. , Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaeum 22.91, cols. 461–62Google Scholar.

71 , Augustine, Epistolae 118.34, 118.9, cols. 448–9, 436Google Scholar; trans. 2. 294, 270.

72 See n. 47.

73 , Plato, Politicus 273dGoogle Scholar.

74 , Boyle, “The Prudential Augustine,” 146Google Scholar.

75 , Augustine, Sermo 150.1.1, col. 808Google Scholar.

76 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 103(4).1 (CCSL 40) 1521Google Scholar.

77 Ibid., 119.1, p. 1487.

78 Ibid., 103(1).13, p. 1487.

79 , Augustine, De civitate Dei 15.25 (CCSL 48) 493; trans, p. 643Google Scholar. In commissioning the disciples to preach, Christ gained the orators by the fishermen who were weak and foolish: Ennarationes inpsalmos 36(2).14, 65.4, 86.8 (CCSL 38) 356, (CCSL 39) 841, 1205; Epistolae 120.1.6, col. 455; Sermo 51.4, 87.10.12, cols. 366, 537; In evangelium lohannis tractatus 7.17, p. 76; De Militate ieiunii 9.11, pp. 239–40.

80 , Augustine, De Trinitate libri XV 1.1.2 (CCSL 50) 2829Google Scholar.

81 , Augustine, Epistolae 137.18, col. 524Google Scholar; trans, pp. 3, 34. Cf. 132, col. 508.

82 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 26.7, p. 263Google Scholar.

83 , Augustine, Sermo 131.2, col. 730Google Scholar.

84 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 138.31 (CCSL 40) 2011Google Scholar.

85 Ibid., 58(1).10; 62.16; 62.17; 88(2).14; 90(l).5; 101(1).8 (CCSL 39) 736, 804, 805, 1243–44, 1258; (CCSL 40) 1481. Sermo 105.8.11, col. 623. See also O'Connell, Robert J., “The God of Saint Augustine's Imagination,” Thought 57 (1982) 3638CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

86 , Augustine, Ennarationes inpsalmos 30(2/1).9 (CCSL 38) 197Google Scholar; trans. 2. 20–21. The text is also cited by , O'Connell, “Isaiah's Mothering God in St. Augustine's Confessions,” Thought 58 (1983) 195–96Google Scholar.

87 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 33(1).6; 109.12 (CCSL 38) 277–78Google Scholar; trans. 2. 150; (CCSL 40) 1611–12; trans. 5. 243.

88 Ibid., 119.2 (CCSL 40) 1778–79; trans. 5. 461 (modernized). See also 54.24, 67.22 (CCSL 39) 674, 885.

89 Ibid., 120.12 (CCSL 40) 1797.

90 Ibid., 130.9-14 (CCSL 40) 1905–10.

91 , Augustine, Epistolae 32.4, col. 127Google Scholar; trans. 1. 120.

92 Ibid., 109.1, p. 418; trans. 2. 238.

93 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 5.5.9; 13.6.7, pp. 61, 245Google Scholar. In epistolam lohannis ad Parthos 2.4 (PL 35) 1992.

93 , Augustine, Epistolae 139.3, p. 537Google Scholar; trans. 3. 57.

95 , Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 2.1 A 1, pp. 3738Google Scholar. De diversis quaestionibus octoginta tribus 36 (ed. Mutzenbecher, Almut; CCSL 44A; Turnholf. Brepols, 1975) 5458Google Scholar.

96 , Augustine, De sancta virginitate 52.53 (PL 40) 427Google Scholar.

97 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 47.6, p. 407Google Scholar.

98 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 104(3).20 (CCSL 40) 1516Google Scholar.

99 , Augustine, De Trinitate 9.6.11 (CCSL 50) p. 303Google Scholar.

100 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 57.3, 54.8, pp. 470, 463Google Scholar. Epistolae 147.23.53, col. 621.

101 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 96.4, pp. 571–72Google Scholar.

102 Ibid., 102.4, 111.2, 3, pp. 596–97, 629, 631.

103 , Augustine, Epistolae 147.23.52, col. 621Google Scholar.

104 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 21.12, p. 219Google Scholar; trans, p. 333. For labor as increasing ardor see Contra Faustum Manichaeum 12.27, col. 269. In epistolam lohannis ad Parthos 7.10, cols. 2033–34.

105 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 35.3, p. 318Google Scholar; trans, p. 493.

106 Ibid., 7.23, pp. 80–81; trans, p. 122.

107 , Augustine, De moribus ecclesiae catholicae 30.63 (PL 32) 1336Google Scholar. Contra Faustum Manichaeum 22.46, 23.8, pp. 428, 471. De conjugis adulterinis ad Pallentium 2.20.21 (PL 40)486; Sermo 132b.2, cols. 735, 736. , Augustine, De civitate Dei 14.11 (CCSL48) 433Google Scholar. For recent studies see Bonner, Gerald, “Augustine's Attitude to Women and ‘Amicitia’” in Mayer, Cornelius and Chelius, Karl Heinz, eds., Homo spiritualis: Festgabe fur Luc Verheijen OSA zu seinem 70. Geburtstag (Wurzburg: Augustinus, 1987) 259–75Google Scholar; McGowan, Richard J., “Augustine's Spiritual Equality: The Allegory of Man and Woman with Regard to Imago Dei,” Revue des etudes augustiniennes 33 (1987) 255–64Google Scholar; Borresen, Kari E., Subordination and Equivalence: The Nature and Role of Woman in Augustine and Thomas Aquinas (Washington: University Press of America, 1981) 2140Google Scholar; Bwzquez, Niceto, “Feminismo augustiniano,” Augustinus 27 (1982) 353Google Scholar; Wever, F. Ellen and Laporte, Jean, “Augustine and Women: Relationships and Teachings,” Augustinian Studies 12 (1981) 115–31Google Scholar.

108 “It is a richer and more fruitful happiness not to become big with child but to grow great in mind; not to store milk in the breast but ardor in the heart; not to bring forth earth through travail but heaven through prayer.” Augustine, Epistolae 150, col. 645; trans. 3. 267.

109 , Augustine, De peccatorum meritis et remissione, et de baptismo parvulorum ad Marcellinum 1.35.66-1.36.67, 2.29.48 (PL 44) 147–49Google Scholar, 180. Sermo 127.1.1, col. 706. Confessionum libri XIII 1.6.7-1.7.12, pp. 3–7.

110 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 33(1).11 (CCSL 38) 281Google Scholar.

111 Ibid., 138.31 (CCSL 40) 2011.

112 , Augustine, In evangelium Iohannis tractatus 54.8, pp. 462–63Google Scholar. For the wordless Word see Sermo 169.14.17, col. 925; cf. De Trinitate libri XV 15.11.20 (CCSL 50A) 488.

113 For the preference of One to many see Sermo 104.3, col. 617.

114 , Augustine, Confessionum libri XIII 13.24.37, pp. 263–64Google Scholar.

115 See also Mazzeo, Joseph Anthony, “St. Augustine's Rhetoric of Silence,” JHI 23 (1962) 187Google Scholar, 189–92; Colish, Marcia, “St. Augustine's Rhetoric of Silence Reconsidered,” Augustinian Studies 9 (1978) 1524Google Scholar.

116 , Augustine, Contra epistolam Manichaei quam vacant fundamenti 41.47 (PL 42) 205Google Scholar.

117 , Augustine, Sermo 52.5.15, col. 360Google Scholar.

118 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 37.28 (CCSL 38) 401Google Scholar.

119 Ibid., 83.8 (CCSL 39) 1153–54.

120 Ibid., 125.5 (CCSL 40) 1848. Epistolae 21 A, col. 109. See also Enarrationes in psalmos 37.28, 37.14 (CCSL 38) 401, 392. Sermo 156.14.15, col. 858.

121 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 32 (2/2).8 (CCSL 38) 254Google Scholar; trans. 2. 112. See also 65.2, 44.3, 49.3-5 (CCSL 39) 839, 1332–33, 1393–94.

122 , Augustine, De Trinitate libri XV 9.8.13 (CCSL 50) 304Google Scholar.

123 , Augustine, Ennarationes in psalmos 45.2 (CCSL 39) 1343; trans. 4. 393 (modernized)Google Scholar.

124 Ibid., 99.4 (CCSL 39) 1394.

125 Ibid., 136.17 (CCSL 40) 1974–75.

126 Ibid., 36(2).8 (CCSL 38) 352; trans. 2. 275.

127 , Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaeum 22.58, col. 437Google Scholar.

128 , Augustine, In evangelium lohannis tractatus 101.5, p. 593Google Scholar; trans. 2. 932.

129 , Augustine, De civitate Dei 14.22 (CCSL 48) 444; trans, p. 584Google Scholar. Cf. Confessionum libri XIII 13.32.47, p. 270.

130 , Augustine, Ennarationes inpsalmos 136.17 (CCSL 40) 1975Google Scholar. Cf. , Jerome, Commentarius in Ecclesiasten 2.8 (ed. Adriaen, Mark; CCSL 72; Turnholt: Brepols, 1959) 266Google Scholar.

13I For an introduction see Pépin, Jean, Saint Augustin et la dialectique (Villanova: Villanova University Press, 1982)Google Scholar. , Augustine, De dialectica (ed. Pinborg, Jan; trans. B. Jackson, Darrell; Boston: D. Reidel, 1975)Google Scholar.

132 Augustine's aesthetic has been criticized as transcendental rather than incarnational by O'Connell, Robert J., Art and the Christian Intelligence in St. Augustine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978) 143–72Google Scholar. Yet he discerns in Augustine's mature rejection of his own theory of the fallen soul the demands of artistic enjoyment (and not just utility) and artistic creation as legitimate human activities. Similarly, I discern in Augustine's mature doctrine of the Holy Spirit as charity the premise for a rhetorical theology. Although this is never articulated by Augustine, nor developed by the later humanists whom I have studied, it is adumbrated in my “Rhetorical Theology: Charity Seeking Charity” in Bouwsma, William J. and respondents, Calvinism as Theologia Rhetorica (Colloquy 54; Berkeley: Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture, 1987) 2230Google Scholar.