¹ See, for example, John Tomaney, ‘End of the Empire State?: New Labour and devolution in the United Kingdom’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24:3 (2000), pp. 675–88.

² From 1918 until their abolition in 1948 some of the university parliamentary constituencies used the Single Transferable Vote (STV).

³ See, for example, Paul McQuail and Katy Donnelly, ‘English Regional Government’, in Robert Blackburn and Raymond Plant (eds), Constitutional Reform: The Labour Government's Constitutional Reform Agenda, London, Longman, 1999, pp. 264–81.

⁴ See, for example, Steve Leach, ‘Introducing Cabinets into British Local Government’, Parliamentary Affairs, 52:1 (1999), pp. 77–93; and Michael Cole, ‘Local Government Modernisation: The Executive and Scrutiny Model’, The Political Quarterly, 72:2 (2001), pp. 139–45.

⁵ See, for example, Michael Cole, ‘Executive and Scrutiny Reforms: The Agenda and its Impact at Devon County Council, Local Government Studies, 27:4 (2001), pp. 19–34; and Michael Cole, ‘The Role(s) of County Councillors: An Evaluation’, Local Government Studies, 28:4 (2002), pp. 1–22.

⁶ See, for example, Hugh Atkinson and Stuart Wilks-Hegg, Local Government from Thatcher to Blair: The Politics of Creative Autonomy, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2000; and John Stewart, The Nature of British Local Government, London, Macmillan, 2000.

⁷ See, for example, Nirmala Rao, Reviving Local Democracy: New Labour, New Politics?, Bristol, Policy Press, 2000.

⁸ Districts with under 85,000 population were allowed to retain a more traditional system.

⁹ Michael Burton, ‘Half of Councils Opt for Cabinet Says Poll’, Municipal Journal, 28 April–4 May, 2000, p. 3.

¹⁰ By early February 2002 there had been 22 referendums. Electorates in Doncaster, Hartlepool, Lewisham, Middlesborough, Newham, North Tyneside and Watford had voted in favour of a directly elected mayor.

¹¹ John Stewart, Michael Clarke, Declan Hall and Frances Taylor, Practical Implications: New Forms of Political Executive, Luton, Local Government Association, 1998.

¹² Councillors were still expected to attend a minimum of one meeting every six months.

¹³ Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR), Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People, Cm 4014, London, HMSO, 1998, p. 64.

¹⁴ Tony Byrne, Local Government in Britain, 7^th edn, London, Penguin, 2000, p. 601.

¹⁵ See, for example, David Wilson, ‘Local Government: Balancing Diversity and Uniformity’, Parliamentary Affairs, 54:2 (2001), pp. 289–307.

¹⁶ DETR, Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People, p. 39.

¹⁷ See, for example, Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, Explaining Election Turnout: A Secondary Analysis of Local Election Statistics, London, HMSO, 1994.

¹⁸ See, for example, Hugh Atkinson and Stuart Wilks-Hegg, Local Government from Thatcher to Blair: The Politics of Creative Autonomy, p. 159.

¹⁹ Tony Byrne, Local Government in Britain, p. 590.

²⁰ Hugh Atkinson and Stuart Wilks-Hegg, Local Government from Thatcher to Blair: The Politics of Creative Autonomy, p. 256.

²¹ See, for example, Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR), Strong Local Leadership — Quality Public Services, CM 5327, London, HMSO, 2001, p. 40.

²² See, for example, Anon, ‘Finance: Legislation will bring US-style improvement districts’, Municipal Journal, 27 April–3 May 2001, p. 3.

²³ See, for example, Alan Smithers, ‘Education Policy’, in Anthony Seldon (ed.), The Blair Effect: The Blair Government 1997–2001, London, Little Brown, 2001, pp. 405–26.

²⁴ See, for example, Michael Cole, ‘The Changing Governance of London’, Talking Politics, 13:1 (2000), pp. 22–6.

²⁵ Howard Elcock, Local Government, 3^rd edn, London, Macmillan, 1991, pp. 270–1.

²⁶ See, for example, Commission for Local Democracy, Taking Charge: the Rebirth of Local Democracy in Britain, London, Municipal Journal Books, 1995; and Margaret Hodge, Steve Leach and Gerry Stoker, More than the Flower Show: Elected Mayors in Britain, London, The Fabian Society, 1997.

²⁷ See, for example, Michael Cole and John Fenwick, New Labour and the Corporate Agenda in Local Government, Public Policy Research Unit, Research Paper No.9, Newcastle, University of Northumbria, 2001.

²⁸ John Fenwick and Mark Bailey, ‘Corporate Management in the New Unitary Authorities’, Local Governance, 24:2 (1998), pp. 91–9.

²⁹ Chris Skelcher and Stephanie Snape, ‘Ethics and Local Councillors: Modernising Standards of Conduct’, Parliamentary Affairs, 54:1 (2001), p. 73.

³⁰ Chris Skelcher and Stephanie Snape, ‘Ethics and Local Councillors: Modernising Standards of Conduct’, p. 73.

³¹ Gerry Stoker (ed.), The New Management of British Local Governance, London, Macmillan, 1999.

³² See, for example, Nicholas Ridley, The Local Right, London, Centre for Policy Studies, 1988.

³³ R. Brooke, Managing the Enabling Authority, Harlow, Longman, 1989.

³⁴ See, for example, Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, Local Elections in Britain, London, Routledge, 1997.

³⁵ See, for example, Hilary Armstrong, ‘The Key Themes of Democratic Renewal’, Local Government Studies, 25:4 (1999), pp. 19–25.

³⁶ See, for example, Peter Kilfoyle, Left Behind: Lessons from Labour's Heartland, London, Politico’s, 2000.

³⁷ See, for example, Jennifer Lees-Marchment, Political Marketing and British Political Parties: The Party's Just Begun, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2001, pp. 182–3.

³⁸ Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, ‘Elections and Public Opinion: The End of the Honeymoon’, Parliamentary Affairs, 54:2 (2001), p. 330.

³⁹ See, for example, DETR, Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People, p. 14.

⁴⁰ See, for example, John Curtice and Michael Steed, ‘The Results Analysed’, in David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh (eds), The British General Election of 1997, London, Macmillan, 1997, p. 300.

⁴¹ Hugh Atkinson and Stuart Wilks-Hegg, Local Government from Thatcher to Blair: The Politics of Creative Autonomy, p. 159.

⁴² Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders Since 1945, London, Allen Lane/Penguin, 2000, p. 477.

⁴³ Ibid., p. 481.

⁴⁴ See, for example, John Stewart, The Nature of British Local Government, p. 131.

⁴⁵ John Stewart, Reforming the New Magistracy, London, Commission for Local Democracy, 1994.

⁴⁶ See, for example, K. B. Smellie, A History of Local Government, London, Allen & Unwin, 1968; and Ken Young and Nirmala Rao, Local Government since 1945, Oxford, Blackwell, 1997.

⁴⁷ Jim Bulpitt, Territory and Power in the United Kingdom, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1983.

⁴⁸ Ibid., p. 3.

⁴⁹ Jim Buller, ‘A Critical Appraisal of the Statecraft Interpretation’, Public Administration, 77:4 (1999), p. 697.

⁵⁰ See, for example, Rod Rhodes, Beyond Westminster and Whitehall, London, Routledge, 1988.

⁵¹ See, for example, Stuart Weir, Quangos under Labour, London, Politico’s, 2000.

⁵² See, for example, Christopher Hood, Colin Scott, Oliver James, George Jones and Tony Travers, Regulation Inside Government: Waste-Watchers, Quality Police, and Sleaze-Busters, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.

⁵³ See, for example, Bridget Taylor and Katarina Thompson (eds), Scotland and Wales: Nations Again?, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1999.

⁵⁴ See, for example, Gerald Seenan, ‘Scots Lib Dems push for local PR’, The Guardian, 22 November 2001, p. 16.

⁵⁵ See, for example, S. E. Finer (ed.), Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform, London, Anthony Wigram, 1975.

⁵⁶ See, for example, Meg Russell, Reforming the House of Lords: Lessons from Overseas, Oxford, The Constitution Unit/Oxford University Press, 2000.

⁵⁷ See, for example, Peter John, Local Governance in Western Europe, London, Sage, 2001, p. 162.

⁵⁸ See, for example, Pippa Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1999.

⁵⁹ Colin Rallings, Michael Thrasher and James Downe, Enhancing Local Electoral Turnout: A guide to current practice and future reform, York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1996, p. 1.

⁶⁰ DETR, Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People, p. 14.

⁶¹ Philip Blair, ‘Trends in Local Autonomy and Democracy: Reflections from a European Perspective’, in Richard Batley and Gerry Stoker (eds), Local Government in Europe: Trends and Developments, London, Macmillan, 1991, p. 51.

⁶² Philip Blair, ‘Trends in Local Autonomy and Democracy: Reflections from a European Perspective’, pp. 51–2.

⁶³ Ibid., p. 52.

⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁶⁵ Armando Pereira, ‘The System of Local Government in Portugal’, in Richard Batley and Gerry Stoker (eds), Local Government in Europe: Trends and Developments, p. 136.

⁶⁶ Sonia El Kahal, ‘Japan’, in Jim Chandler (ed.), Comparative Public Administration, London, Routledge, 2000, p. 234.

⁶⁷ Peter John, Local Governance in Western Europe, p. 135.

⁶⁸ Ibid., p. 148.

⁶⁹ R. E. Spence, ‘Italy’, in Jim Chandler (ed.), Comparative Public Administration, p. 139.

⁷⁰ Ibid.

⁷¹ Ibid.

⁷² Peter John, Local Governance in Western Europe, p. 148.

⁷³ Howard Elcock, ‘German Lessons in Local Government: The Opportunities and Pitfalls of Managing Change’, Local Government Studies, 24:1 (1998), pp. 41–59.

⁷⁴ Gerry Stoker and Harold Wolman, ‘Drawing Lessons from US Experience: an elected mayor for British local government’, Public Administration, 70: 2 (1992), p. 264.

⁷⁵ Robin Hambleton, ‘Reinventing Local Government — Lessons from the USA’, Local Government Studies, 22:1 (1996), p. 106.

⁷⁶ DETR, Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People, p. 26.

⁷⁷ George Boyne, Public Choice Theory and Local Government: A Comparative Analysis of the UK and the USA, London, Macmillan, 1998, p. 110.

⁷⁸ Ibid., p. 110.

⁷⁹ Agne Gustafsson, ‘The Changing Local Government and Politics of Sweden’, in Richard Batley and Gerry Stoker (eds), Local Government in Europe: Trends and Developments, pp. 180–1.

⁸⁰ John Stewart, The Nature of British Local Government, p. 122.

⁸¹ Nirmala Rao, Reviving Local Democracy: New Labour, New Politics?, p. 193.

⁸² See, for example, DETR, Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People.

⁸³ See, for example, Andrew Adonis and Stephen Twigg, The Cross We Bear — Electoral Reform for Local Government, Discussion Paper No. 34, London, Fabian Society, 1997, p. 12.

⁸⁴ A more proportional system was, however, used in London to elect the mayor and the assembly.

⁸⁵ See, for example, Rita Hale, ‘No Money, No Muscle’, Local Government Chronicle, 6 August 1999, p. 11.

⁸⁶ See, for example, John Stewart and Howard Davis, ‘A New Agenda for Local Governance’, Public Money and Management, 14:4 (1994), pp. 29–36.

⁸⁷ See, for example, Colin Copus, ‘The Party Group: A Barrier to Democratic Renewal’, Local Government Studies, 25:4 (1999), pp. 76–97.

⁸⁸ Michael Cole, ‘Executive and Scrutiny Reforms: The Agenda and its Impact at Devon County Council’, pp. 30–1.

⁸⁹ See, for example, ibid., p. 29.

⁹⁰ See, for example, Michael Cole, ‘Local Government Modernisation: The Executive and Scrutiny Model’, pp. 240–1.

⁹¹ See, for example, Steve Leach and John Stewart, The Politics of Hung Authorities, London, Macmillan, 1992.

⁹² Paul Foley and Steve Martin, ‘A New Deal for the Community? Public Participation in Regeneration and Local Service Delivery’, Policy and Politics, 28:4 (2000), p. 479.

⁹³ See, for example, Peter Hetherington, ‘North-East in Line for Vote on Regional Assembly’, The Guardian, 30 November 2001, p. 14.

⁹⁴ See, for example, Jonathan Davies, ‘The Hollowing-out of Local Democracy and the “Fatal” Conceit of Governing without Government’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2:3 (2000), p. 416.

⁹⁵ DTLR, Strong Local Leadership — Quality Public Services.

⁹⁶ Ibid., p. 40.

⁹⁷ Ibid., p. 11.

⁹⁸ Michael Burton ‘Zones are quietly dropped’, Municipal Journal, 23 November 2001, p. 2.

⁹⁹ Anon, ‘Best value plans deadline is put back two months’, Municipal Journal, 15 February 2002, p. 1.

¹⁰⁰ DTLR, Strong Local Leadership — Quality Public Services, p. 11.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., p. 16.

¹⁰² Simon Parker, Labour chairman calls for local tax referendums’, www.Society.guardian.co.uk/localgovfinance, 4 February 2002.

¹⁰³ DTLR, Strong Local Leadership — Quality Public Services, p. 21.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid., p. 10.

¹⁰⁵ For example, community strategies and Public Service Agreements.