Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T13:35:09.528Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Elections and Political Regimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2015

Abstract

Post-Cold War autocracies appear novel in their use of multiparty elections, attracting the attention of scholars and policymakers alike. A longer historical view, however, reveals that what is unique is not electoral authoritarianism after 1989, but rather the electoral inactivity of autocracies during the Cold War period. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, authoritarian regimes have held multiparty elections. The prevalence of these elections begs the question of whether they have any effects on political liberalization and democratization. But the study of authoritarian elections in processes of political change faces a number of theoretical and empirical challenges that can only partly be surmounted with existing approaches.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Jennifer Gandhi is Winship Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science at Emory College of Arts and Sciences. Contact email: jgandh2@emory.edu.

References

Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. (2006), Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Altman, D. and Pérez-Liñán, A. (2002), ‘Assessing the Quality of Democracy: Freedom, Competitiveness and Participation in Eighteen Latin American Countries’, Democratization, 9(2): 85100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, C., Miller, M. and Rosato, S. (2013), ‘A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007’, Comparative Political Studies, 46(12): 15231554.Google Scholar
Brownlee, J. (2009), ‘Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions’, American Journal of Political Science, 53(3): 515532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, B., Smith, A., Siverson, R. and Morrow, J. (2005), The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Bunce, V. and Wolchik, S. (2010), ‘Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes’, World Politics, 62(1): 4386.Google Scholar
Capoccia, G. and Ziblatt, D. (2010), ‘The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond’, Comparative Political Studies, 43(8/9): 931968.Google Scholar
Cheibub, J.A., Gandhi, J. and Vreeland, J. (2010), ‘Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited’, Public Choice, 143(1/2): 67101.Google Scholar
Collier, D. and Levitsky, S. (1997), ‘Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research’, World Politics, 49(3): 430451.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. (1972), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Diamond, L. (2002), ‘Thinking about Hybrid Regimes’, Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 2135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donno, D. (2013), ‘Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes’, American Journal of Political Science, 57(3): 703716.Google Scholar
Donno, D. and Roussias, N. (2012), ‘Does Cheating Pay? The Effect of Electoral Misconduct on Party Systems’, Comparative Political Studies, 45(5): 575605.Google Scholar
Doorenspleet, R. (2000), ‘Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization’, World Politics, 52: 384406.Google Scholar
Gandhi, J. and Lust-Okar, E. (2009), ‘Elections under Authoritarianism’, Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 403422.Google Scholar
van Ham, C. and Lindberg, S.I. (2015), ‘From Sticks to Carrots: Electoral Manipulation in Africa, 1986–2012’, Government and Opposition, 50(3), doi: 10.1017/gov.2015.6 (in this issue).Google Scholar
Hornsby, C. (2012), Kenya: A History since Independence (London: I.B. Tauris).Google Scholar
Howard, M. and Roessler, P. (2006), ‘Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes’, American Journal of Political Science, 50(2): 365381.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. (1991), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press).Google Scholar
Hyde, S. (2011), The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Hyde, S. and Marinov, N. (2012), ‘Which Elections Can be Lost?’, Political Analysis, 20(2): 191210.Google Scholar
Hyde, S. and Pallister, K. (forthcoming), ‘Election Administration, Election Observation, and Election Quality’, in J. Gandhi, R. Ruiz-Rufino (eds), Handbook of Comparative Political Institutions (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
Lauth, H.-J. (forthcoming), ‘Informal Institutions’, in J. Gandhi and R. Ruiz-Rufino (eds), Handbook of Comparative Political Institutions (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
Levitsky, S. and Way, L.A. (2002), ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’, Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 5165.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S. and Way, L.A. (2010), Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. (2004), ‘The Democratic Qualities of Competitive Elections: Participation, Competition and Legitimacy in Africa’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 42(1): 61105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, S. (2006), ‘The Surprising Significance of African Elections’, Journal of Democracy, 17(1): 139151.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S., Coppedge, M., Gerring, J. and Teorell, J. (2014), ‘V-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy’, Journal of Democracy, 25(3): 159169.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, E. (2005), Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Magaloni, B. (2006), Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Miller, M. (2013), ‘Democratic Pieces: Autocratic Elections and Democratic Development since 1815’, British Journal of Political Science, published early online, December, doi: 10.1017/S0007123413000446 Google Scholar
Mutua, M. (2008), Kenya’s Quest for Democracy: Taming Leviathan (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (1994), ‘Delegative Democracy’, Journal of Democracy, 5(1): 5569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (1996), ‘Illusions about Consolidation’, Journal of Democracy, 7(2): 3451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posada-Carbó, E. (1996), ‘Elections before Democracy: Some Considerations on Electoral History from a Comparative Approach’, in E. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America (New York: St Martin’s Press): 116.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (2009), ‘Constraints and Choices: Electoral Participation in Historical Perspective’, Comparative Political Studies, 42(1): 430.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (2011), ‘Latin American Political Regimes in Comparative Perspective’, in P. Kingstone and D.J. Yashar (eds), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics (New York: Routledge): 542564.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (2013), ‘Political Institutions and Political Events (PIPE)’, data set, https://sites.google.com/a/nyu.edu/adam-przeworski.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (2015), ‘Acquiring the Habit of Changing Government through Elections’, Comparative Political Studies, 48(1): 101129.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Schedler, A. (2006) (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, A. (2015), The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Schmitter, P. and Karl, T.L. (1991), ‘What Democracy Is . . . And Is Not’, Journal of Democracy, 2(3): 7588.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. (2010) [1943], Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpser, A. (2013), Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Slater, D. and Wong, J. (2013), ‘The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia’, Perspectives on Politics, 11(3): 717733.Google Scholar
Teorell, J. (2010), Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972–2006 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
van de Walle, N. (2006), ‘Tipping Games: When do Opposition Parties Coalesce?’, in A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner): 7792.Google Scholar
Widner, J. (1993), The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From ‘Harambee!’ to ‘Nyayo!’ (Berkeley: University of California Press).Google Scholar